Psychology QCAA (2019) Readings

Used positive (give something) or negative (remove something) punishers to decrease the likelihood of behaviour being repeated

• BF Skinner, 1948

• Ivan Pavlov, 1904

• Albert Bandura, 1977

• Jean Piaget, 1952

Performance better in matching conditions. Environmental context appears to be important in retrieval of newly learnt meaningful information.

• Grant et al. (1998) found that context-dependent memory enhances retrieval of meaningful information.

• Smith, J. (2005) suggested that environmental factors have no impact on memory retrieval.

• Johnson, A. (2010) argued that memory retrieval is solely based on internal cues.

• Brown, L. (2012) claimed that context has a minimal effect on learning.

Ambiguous picture of rat-man. Aim to identify the importance on perception sets (past experiences, context, motivation and emotional state)

• Bugelski, BR & Alampay, DA 1961

• Smith, J & Doe, A 1965

• Johnson, L & White, R 1970

• Brown, T & Green, S 1980

Investigated whether emotional responses were reflexive (innate) or conditioned (learnt)

• Watson, JB & Rayner, R 1920

• Pavlov, I 1890

• Skinner, B.F. 1953

• Bandura, A. 1977

Investigated if perception of picture relies on learning

• Deregowski, JB 1972, ‘Pictorial perception and culture’

• Smith, A 1985, ‘Visual Learning in Children’

• Johnson, L 1990, ‘Cultural Influences on Perception’

• Brown, T 2000, ‘The Role of Experience in Visual Interpretation’

The working model of memory can be applied to real-life tasks, such as reading (phonological loop), problem-solving (central executive) and navigation (visual and spatial processing).

• Baddeley, AD & Hitch, G 1974

• Miller, G. A. 1956

• Tulving, E. 1972

• Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, W. 1968

Used positive (give something) or negative reinforcers (remove something) to increase likelihood behaviour would be repeated

• BF Skinner, 1948

• Ivan Pavlov, 1904

• Albert Bandura, 1977

• Jean Piaget, 1952

Which of the following terms is associated with the concept of breaking the association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

• Extinction

• Spontaneous recovery

• Generalisation

• Discrimination

Able to recognise correctly (but gradually and with effort) the animals depicted but some differences between highlands and lowlands (lowlands had greater familiarity of animals

• Deregowski, JB, Muldrow ES & Muldrow, WF 1972

• Smith, J. & Johnson, L. 1985

• Brown, A. & Green, T. 1990

• Taylor, R. & White, S. 2000

Voluntary behaviour

Generalisation and discrimination

Extinction

Modification of behaviour

• Operant Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning

• Cognitive Dissonance

• Behaviorism