What is the 'Columbian Exchange' best described as?

• A period of scientific discovery by European scholars.

• The greatest exchange of people, plants, animals, diseases, and ideas the world has ever seen.

• A time when European states focused solely on peaceful trade with Asian empires.

• The era when European countries first developed advanced naval technology.

Which of the following was a key factor that allowed European states to begin widespread exploration after 1400?

• The invention of the printing press.

• The decline of the Ottoman Empire.

• Increased political centralization and access to technologies like the compass and gunpowder.

• A sudden interest in scientific truth among European leaders.

How did European colonial powers use scientific endeavors like geography and botany during the Age of Exploration?

• To promote international cooperation and understanding.

• To develop new medicines for all global populations.

• As a tool to support their empires and compete for resources.

• To purely advance human knowledge without political motives.

Which of these foods, now common in many parts of the world, originated in the Americas and was introduced to Eurasia through the Columbian Exchange?

• Wheat

• Rice

• Potatoes

• Chickens

What was the financial outcome of establishing colonies for European states compared to European corporations?

• European states and corporations both made significant profits.

• European states found colonization uneconomical, while corporations made large profits.

• Both European states and corporations lost money due to the high costs of colonization.

• European states profited greatly, but corporations struggled to make money.

What was a major consequence of the separation of populations in Eurasia and Africa from those in the Americas for thousands of years?

• Native American populations developed stronger immune systems.

• Native American populations had no natural protection against diseases like smallpox.

• Eurasian and African populations became more susceptible to American diseases.

• It led to a balanced exchange of immunities between continents.

How did the practice of variolation, a method to protect against smallpox, become known in Boston in the early 1700s?

• It was developed by influential Puritan ministers in Boston.

• It was introduced by European doctors who had studied it in Asia.

• A slave named Onesimus shared his knowledge of the practice.

• Native American healers taught the practice to the colonists.

What philosophical idea described the New World and its people as resources to be used for the betterment of humankind?

• The concept of natural rights.

• Francis Bacon's philosophy of instrumentalizing nature.

• The principle of self-determination.

• The theory of cultural relativism.