Which of the following best describes propositional logic?

• A logic dealing with objects and their relations

• A logic that reasons with statements that are true or false

• A procedural programming language

• A method of machine learning

What does 'Unification' refer to in first-order predicate logic?

• Combining multiple algorithms into one system

• Finding a substitution that makes different logical expressions identical

• Splitting a query into multiple components

• Converting natural language to logic

In Prolog, which of the following is used to perform inference?

• Backpropagation

• Forward chaining

• Backward chaining

• Gradient descent

What is the purpose of resolution in predicate logic?

• To determine truth values by testing all models

• To derive conclusions by combining clauses

• To identify variables in an expression

• To translate logic into executable code

In ontological engineering, what is an ontology primarily used for?

• To create predictive models

• To formally define types, properties, and relationships of entities

• To compile source code

• To measure system performance

What are categories and objects in knowledge representation concerned with?

• Machine learning predictions

• Organizing entities into classes and instances

• Optimizing algorithms for performance

• Data encryption and protection

In reasoning systems, what is 'default reasoning'?

• A reasoning process assuming all premises are false

• A method of reasoning where assumptions hold until contradicted

• A neural-based reasoning mechanism

• A random reasoning mechanism for uncertain data

What is the main role of an intelligent agent’s architecture?

• To define the structure and decision-making framework of the agent

• To describe user interface elements

• To control the hardware specifications of the agent system

• To perform statistical data analysis

In multi-agent systems, why is 'trust and reputation' important?

• It defines the network speed between agents

• It manages the security of the communication channels

• It ensures cooperation and reliability among agents

• It increases memory storage

Which of the following is an example of an AI application?

• Language models and machine translation

• Database indexing

• Hardware networking

• Compiler optimization