The spinal cord ends at which vertebral level?

• L1–L2

• L4–L5

• T12

• S1

The bundle of nerve roots below the spinal cord’s end is called the:

• Conus medullaris

• Cauda equina

• Filum terminale

• Lumbar plexus

The spinal nerve roots that carry motor commands are the:

• Dorsal roots

• Ventral roots

• Sensory roots

• Mixed roots

Which reflex causes a muscle to contract in response to being stretched?

• Withdrawal reflex

• Crossed extensor reflex

• Stretch reflex

• Flexor reflex

The gray commissure connects:

• Left and right gray matter

• Brain and spinal cord

• Ventral and dorsal roots

• Pons and medulla

The spinal cord’s ascending tracts carry:

• Motor impulses

• Sensory impulses

• Mixed impulses

• Reflex signals

The descending tracts of the spinal cord are responsible for:

• Sensory transmission

• Motor control

• Reflex activity

• Homeostasis

The filum terminale is a fibrous extension of the:

• Dura mater

• Pia mater

• Arachnoid mater

• Gray matter

The reflex that causes withdrawal from a painful stimulus is the:

• Stretch reflex

• Withdrawal reflex

• Babinski reflex

• Crossed extensor reflex

Damage to the phrenic nerve would impair:

• Arm movement

• Breathing

• Swallowing

• Eye movement