How do modern scientists primarily understand the concept of race?

• As a natural, biological category based on genetic differences.

• As a social construct created by humans to categorize groups.

• As a fixed characteristic determined by a person's skin color and physical traits.

• As a concept that has no real-world impact on people's lives.

What was a significant consequence of the Canadian residential school system for Indigenous children?

• They received advanced education in their traditional languages and cultures.

• They were encouraged to maintain strong ties with their families and communities.

• They were forced to adopt Christian names and give up their traditional ways of life.

• They experienced improved living conditions and increased personal freedoms.

How did European colonizers contribute to the concept of an "Indian race" in the Americas?

• They conducted scientific studies that proved the biological unity of all Indigenous groups.

• They recognized and respected the distinct identities of numerous Indigenous tribes and nations.

• They grouped diverse Indigenous peoples into a single category based on superficial similarities.

• They adopted Indigenous languages and customs, leading to a shared cultural identity.

What was the primary purpose of the Doctrine of Discovery, issued by Pope Alexander VI in the late 15th century?

• To promote peaceful coexistence and cultural exchange between European and Indigenous peoples.

• To establish a legal framework for European nations to claim lands not inhabited by Christians.

• To encourage the development of new trade routes and economic partnerships globally.

• To protect the sovereignty and traditional territories of non-European nations.

What was one significant consequence of the Doctrine of Discovery?

• It promoted peaceful coexistence between European settlers and Native Americans.

• It justified the removal of Native Americans from their lands and furthered the Transatlantic slave trade.

• It established Native American sovereignty over their ancestral territories.

• It led to the immediate abolition of slavery in the Americas.

In 1823, what did Chief Justice John Marshall's Supreme Court ruling declare regarding the principle of discovery?

• It granted Native Americans full citizenship rights.

• It stated that Native Americans had exclusive rights to their lands.

• It affirmed that white settlers had the right to land once occupied by Native Americans.

• It mandated equal land distribution between settlers and Native Americans.

Why was Yemeni Muslim immigrant Ahmed Hassan denied naturalization in 1942?

• He failed to meet the residency requirements.

• His skin color and country of origin were deemed not to "fit with the American lifestyle," and Arabs were not considered white.

• He had a criminal record.

• He refused to renounce his original citizenship.

What was a significant outcome of the National Center for Truth and Reconciliation in Canada and the US Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative?

• They led to the immediate closure of all remaining residential schools.

• They focused solely on documenting historical records without seeking reconciliation.

• They aimed to gather stories and historical documents related to residential schools, heal intergenerational trauma, and restore dignity to Indigenous peoples, leading to Pope Francis renouncing the Doctrine of Discovery.

• They resulted in new laws that prevented Indigenous peoples from practicing their traditional ceremonies.