Genes to proteins

In prokaryotes, which sequence correctly represents the central dogma from genetic material to functional product?

• DNA → protein → mRNA

• DNA → mRNA → protein

• mRNA → DNA → protein

• protein → mRNA → DNA

Which enzyme carries out transcription by synthesizing RNA according to a DNA template?

• DNA ligase

• RNA polymerase

• Reverse transcriptase

• Ribosome

What is the direct role of ribosomes during gene expression?

• Copy DNA into RNA

• Build polypeptides/proteins by linking amino acids

• Modify pre-mRNA by splicing

• Transport mRNA into the nucleus

In eukaryotes, which additional step occurs between transcription and translation that is not present in prokaryotes?

• DNA replication

• mRNA degradation

• pre-mRNA processing (splicing, modification)

• tRNA charging

Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells according to the central dogma description provided?

• In the nucleus

• In the cytosol on ribosomes

• In the mitochondria

• In the endoplasmic reticulum exclusively

Which statement best distinguishes transcription from translation as defined in the material?

• Transcription converts DNA nucleotide language to RNA nucleotide language; translation converts RNA nucleotide language to an amino acid-based language

• Transcription converts amino acid language to RNA language; translation converts RNA language to DNA language

• Transcription converts RNA language to protein language; translation converts DNA language to RNA language

• Transcription and translation both convert DNA to protein directly

Which structural feature of ribosomes is highlighted as essential for mRNA-guided protein synthesis?

• A single catalytic core that binds DNA

• Two subunits that sandwich an mRNA molecule

• A membrane-bound compartment inside the nucleus

• A built-in RNA polymerase activity

In eukaryotes, which flow correctly lists compartments and molecules involved from start to finish?

• Cytosol: DNA → pre-mRNA → mRNA → protein

• Nucleus: DNA → pre-mRNA → mRNA; Cytosol: mRNA → protein

• Nucleus: mRNA → protein; Cytosol: DNA → pre-mRNA → mRNA

• Mitochondria: DNA → mRNA → protein

Which statement best describes the primary protein structure as presented?

• The three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein

• The sequence of a chain of amino acids

• The number of amino acids present in a protein

• The arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits

According to the material, what is the direct product of transcription and translation?

• DNA

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids