AP Biology - Unit 3 Vocabulary

Calvin cycle

• A series of light-dependent reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

• A cyclical series of biochemical reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis, including light-independent reactions such as carbon fixation.

• A process that converts glucose into energy in the mitochondria.

• A method of nitrogen fixation in legumes.

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Active Site

• Refers to the specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds, and catalysis takes place.

• The part of the enzyme that is not involved in the reaction.

• A location on the enzyme that is permanently altered after the reaction.

• The area where allosteric regulation occurs.

Aerobic Respiration

• Set of metabolic reactions that convert chemical energy from oxygen into ATP and release waste products.

• A process that occurs only in plants to produce glucose.

• A type of respiration that does not require oxygen.

• A method of energy production that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

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Energy

• The ability to do work or produce change.

• A measure of the amount of matter in an object.

• The force that opposes motion between two surfaces.

• A type of renewable resource used for electricity.

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Chlorophyll

• The red pigment found in the chloroplasts of higher plants.

• The green pigment found in the chloroplasts of higher plants and in cells of photosynthetic microorganisms.

• A type of carbohydrate produced during photosynthesis.

• The blue pigment found in the cells of aquatic plants.

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Anaerobic

• Not requiring, or capable of occurring, in the absence of air or free oxygen.

• Requiring air or free oxygen for survival.

• Capable of living in extreme heat conditions.

• Dependent on sunlight for energy.

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competitive inhibition

• A type of inhibition where a molecule other than a substrate occupies the active site of an enzyme, preventing the enzyme-substrate reaction.

• A process where the substrate binds to the enzyme, enhancing its activity.

• An inhibition mechanism where the enzyme is permanently altered by a substrate.

• A type of inhibition that increases the rate of reaction by providing additional substrates.

Anabolic

• The process of breaking down molecules into smaller units, releasing energy.

• The series of chemical reactions that construct or synthesize molecules from smaller units, usually requiring input of energy (ATP) in the process.

• A type of reaction that occurs without the use of energy.

• The process of converting energy into matter.

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Light-independent Reactions

• Calvin Cycle

• Citric Acid Cycle

• Electron Transport Chain

• Glycolysis

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Oxidation

• the gain of electrons

• the loss of electrons

• the transfer of protons

• the absorption of energy