Which of the following best describes metastasis in cancer cells?

• The ability to form new blood vessels

• The potential for local invasion and distant spread to other tissues

• The loss of genetic material

• The inability to replicate

Why might the goals of cancer therapy differ between patients?

• Because all cancers are the same

• Because the goals depend on disease stage, biology, and patient condition

• Because only the patient's age matters

• Because therapy is always aimed at cure

What is the main purpose of neoadjuvant therapy in cancer treatment?

• To shrink the tumor before definitive local therapy

• To eradicate microscopic residual disease after surgery

• To relieve symptoms in advanced disease

• To delay disease progression with lower-intensity therapy

Adjuvant therapy is given after which of the following?

• Primary local therapy (e.g., surgery)

• Symptom relief therapy

• Maintenance therapy

• Initial diagnosis

Which of the following best describes how grading and staging of cancer can impact research?

• It assists in clinical trials and research comparisons

• It prevents new drug development

• It limits the number of research studies

• It increases the risk of bias in research

What does the grading of cancer (histologic grade) describe?

• How abnormal the tumor cells look microscopically and how much the tumor resembles the tissue of origin

• The size of the tumor and its location in the body

• The genetic mutations present in the tumor cells

• The patient's response to cancer treatment

Which term refers to how much a tumor resembles the tissue of origin?

• Degree of differentiation

• Degree of proliferation

• Degree of metastasis

• Degree of invasion

What is a characteristic of high grade (poorly differentiated/undifferentiated) tumors?

• Cells grow and spread more slowly

• Cells look very abnormal

• Cells have moderate aggressiveness

• Cells closely resemble normal tissue

How does the aggressiveness of intermediate grade (moderately differentiated) tumors compare to low and high grade tumors?

• It is less aggressive than both low and high grade tumors

• It is more aggressive than low grade but less aggressive than high grade tumors

• It is the most aggressive of all grades

• It is not aggressive at all

Which system is most widely used to stage cancer?

• TNM system

• ABC system

• XYZ system

• LMN system