Skin and Fascia

Which layer of the skin is composed of keratinized epithelium and forms the superficial covering?

• Epidermis

• Dermis

• Hypodermis

• Deep fascia

Which statement best describes the dermis?

• A layer of stratified squamous epithelium with keratin

• Loose connective tissue storing variable fat

• Connective tissue rich in collagen and elastic fibers containing blood vessels and nerves

• Non-elastic fibrous tissue forming intermuscular septa

Hair is described as having a root (follicle) and a shaft. Which small muscle attached to the hair follicle pulls hair into a vertical position when it contracts?

• Arrector pili muscle

• Flexor digitorum muscle

• Dermal papilla muscle

• Interosseous muscle

Which description correctly characterizes nails according to the material?

• Non-keratinized plates covering ventral surfaces of fingers only

• Keratinized plates on dorsal surfaces of finger and toe tips, each with root and body lying on nail bed

• Keratinized plates only on toes, embedded in dermal papillae

• Cartilaginous plates with no defined root or body

Sweat glands in the skin are primarily described as which of the following?

• Short, branched alveolar glands opening into hair follicles

• Long, tubular, spiral glands with ducts opening on the skin surface via pores

• Compact endocrine glands secreting hormones into blood

• Sebaceous holocrine glands releasing sebum

Where do sebaceous gland ducts open, and what do they secrete?

• Open on skin surface; secrete watery sweat

• Open into hair follicles; secrete oily sebum

• Open into nail bed; secrete keratin

• Open into dermal blood vessels; secrete melanin

Which pigment primarily determines normal skin color and is produced by melanocytes?

• Keratin

• Melanin

• Hemoglobin

• Collagen

According to the text, which additional pigment can influence skin color by imparting a red hue?

• Carotene

• Hemoglobin

• Bilirubin

• Myoglobin

Which options list functions of the skin? Select all that apply.

• Barrier protection against mechanical, physical, and chemical injury

• Protection from microorganisms entering the body

• Sensation including touch, temperature, and pain

• Heat regulation via sweating, vasodilatation, and vasoconstriction

• Synthesis of vitamin D

Superficial fascia is also called the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer. Which statement best describes its composition?

• Strong non-elastic fibrous tissue forming sheets

• Loose connective tissue containing a variable quantity of fat

• Keratinized epithelium rich in melanocytes

• Dense elastic tissue absent in the palm and sole