Earthquake and Geology Quiz (Exam2)

Explain the difference between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake, and describe how elastic deformation and rebound contribute to the occurrence of an earthquake.

Differentiate between aftershocks and foreshocks, and provide an example from a real earthquake event of how they relate to the main quake.

Describe the two main types of seismic waves (surface and body waves), including the subtypes of body waves (P-waves and S-waves), and explain how their speeds and behaviors differ.

What are the four main factors that determine the extent of structural damage from an earthquake? Provide an example for each factor using real-world earthquakes mentioned in the notes.

Explain the process of liquefaction during an earthquake, including the conditions under which it occurs and at least two examples of building damage caused by it from historical events.

Differentiate between normal faults, reverse faults, thrust faults, and megathrust faults, including the type of stress that causes each and the movement of the hanging wall relative to the footwall.

Describe the three factors that control the viscosity of magma, and explain how they influence whether a volcanic eruption is explosive or effusive.

Compare and contrast shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, and cinder cone volcanoes in terms of their lifespan, size, slope angle, and explosivity, providing an example of each type.

Explain the formation history of a caldera, using the example of Crater Lake (Mount Mazama) to illustrate the process from eruption to collapse.

Describe the differences between tabular and massive plutons, and between concordant and discordant plutons, giving examples of each type (e.g., dikes, sills, laccoliths, batholiths).