In a classic hypothalamic–pituitary–target gland axis, which sequence best represents the direction of control?

Hypothalamus → pituitary → peripheral gland

Target gland → pituitary → hypothalamus

Pituitary → hypothalamus → peripheral gland

Peripheral gland → hypothalamus → pituitary

A primary endocrine disorder is best defined as a problem located in the:

Target peripheral gland (e.g., thyroid, adrenal)

Which classification correctly matches hormone type with its solubility and receptor location?

Peptide hormones – water-soluble; membrane receptors

Peptide hormones – lipid-soluble; intracellular receptors

Steroid hormones – water-soluble; membrane receptors

Steroid hormones – water-soluble; GPCRs only

Which description best fits steroid hormones?

Derived from cholesterol, lipid-soluble, cross membranes, bind intracellular receptors

Derived from amino acids, water-soluble, signal via GPCRs

Stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis with every action potential

Bind cell-surface tyrosine kinase receptors only

Which hormone class is derived from tyrosine and may behave like peptides or steroids?

Amino acid–derived hormones (e.g., T3/T4, catecholamines)

Which statement about peptide hormone signaling is most accurate?

They bind membrane receptors and signal via second messengers such as cAMP or tyrosine kinase cascades.

They use intracellular nuclear receptors to directly alter DNA transcription.

They diffuse freely across lipid membranes without receptors.

They always require carrier proteins for transport.

Which is the best example of a hormone whose secretion is regulated by a direct humoral cue?

Insulin and glucagon secretion responding to blood glucose levels

TRH secretion responding to cold exposure

ACTH secretion responding to stress

ADH secretion in response to oxytocin levels

Which combination correctly describes transport in blood for different hormone classes?

Peptide hormones travel freely; steroid and thyroid hormones travel bound to carrier proteins.

Peptide hormones bind extensively to carrier proteins; steroid hormones circulate freely.

Peptide hormones and steroid hormones both circulate freely without binding proteins.

Only thyroid hormones use carrier proteins; all others are free.

Clearance of hormones from the body occurs primarily through which mechanisms?

Liver metabolism, kidney excretion, and target tissue usage

Binding to intracellular receptors and permanent storage

A patient has high TSH but low T3/T4. This pattern most strongly suggests:

Primary hypothyroidism at the thyroid gland

Excess thyroid hormone production

Secondary hypothyroidism from pituitary failure

Hyperthyroidism due to positive feedback

Very low TSH with high T3/T4 most likely reflects:

Excess thyroid hormone with negative feedback on the pituitary

Primary failure of the hypothalamus

Which statement best describes the overall role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

The master neuroendocrine organ that integrates neural signals and controls pituitary hormone secretion

A peripheral endocrine gland that secretes insulin and glucagon

A structure that only regulates temperature, with no endocrine role

A relay nucleus that passively receives hormones from the pituitary

Which list includes only hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting hormones?

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol

How do hypothalamic hormones primarily reach the anterior pituitary to regulate its secretion?

Via the hypophyseal portal system

Through cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles

Direct axonal projections into anterior pituitary cells

Lymphatic drainage from the thyroid

Which statement best characterizes the relationship of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

The posterior pituitary stores and releases ADH and oxytocin that are synthesized in hypothalamic neurons.

The posterior pituitary synthesizes ADH and oxytocin independently.

The hypothalamus stores ADH and oxytocin produced in the posterior pituitary.

The posterior pituitary only responds to blood glucose levels.

Which of the following physiologic variables are integrated by the hypothalamus?

Stress, temperature, energy balance, reproduction, and overall homeostasis

Blood clotting, liver metabolism, and skin temperature only

Renal filtration rate and bile production

Only circadian rhythm and appetite

The hypothalamus helps maintain endocrine stability by:

Maintaining feedback regulation with the pituitary and target glands to stabilize hormonal output

Providing unidirectional stimulation of target glands without feedback

Releasing only inhibitory hormones with no releasing factors

Responding only to mechanical stretch receptors in the uterus

Which option correctly matches a control mechanism with its example?

Negative feedback – TRH → TSH → T3/T4; rising T3/T4 suppress TRH and TSH

Negative feedback – oxytocin during labor

Positive feedback – TRH → TSH → T3/T4 axis

Positive feedback – insulin secretion in response to glucose

Which best illustrates the difference between peptide and steroid hormones using examples?

Insulin is a peptide acting via membrane receptors; cortisol is a steroid derived from cholesterol acting via intracellular receptors.

Insulin and cortisol are both peptides acting via GPCRs.

Cortisol is a peptide; insulin is a steroid.

Both insulin and cortisol are amino acid–derived hormones from tyrosine.

Peptide hormones utilize different cell-surface receptors. Insulin, a key example of a peptide hormone, primarily acts by binding and activating which type of membrane receptor?

G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

Which hypothalamic hormone functions primarily as an inhibitory factor for anterior pituitary secretion, rather than a releasing factor?

Dopamine (Prolactin-inhibiting factor)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Physiology Week 6 Part 1 Practice Questions

Authored by Marley S

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Physiology Week 6 Part 1 Practice Questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following lists only endocrine glands?

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads

Pituitary, thyroid, liver, adrenal glands, pancreas

Thyroid, parathyroid, spleen, adrenal glands, pancreas

Pituitary, thymus, kidney, pancreas, gonads

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which pairing correctly matches a gland with all of the hormones it secretes?

Thyroid – T3, T4, PTH

Parathyroid – calcitonin, PTH

Adrenal cortex – cortisol, aldosterone, androgens

Adrenal medulla – cortisol, epinephrine

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which pituitary lobe–hormone pairing is correct?

Anterior pituitary – ADH, oxytocin

Posterior pituitary – ACTH, TSH

Anterior pituitary – GH, FSH, LH, prolactin

Posterior pituitary – prolactin, TSH

Which hormone set is correctly matched to the adrenal medulla?

Cortisol and aldosterone

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

T3 and T4

Insulin and glucagon

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which gland–hormone pairing is accurate?

Thyroid – T3, T4, calcitonin

Pancreas – cortisol, aldosterone, androgens

Parathyroid – calcitonin

Adrenal cortex – insulin, glucagon

Collectively, the hormones from pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads regulate all of the following EXCEPT:

Metabolism

Stress response

Growth

Blood coagulation

Which endocrine function is most directly regulated by insulin and glucagon?

Electrolyte balance

Glucose regulation

Bone mineralization

Thyroid hormone synthesis

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Physiology Week 6 Part 1 Practice Questions

Which of the following lists only endocrine glands?

Which pairing correctly matches a gland with all of the hormones it secretes?

Which pituitary lobe–hormone pairing is correct?

Which hormone set is correctly matched to the adrenal medulla?

Which gland–hormone pairing is accurate?

Collectively, the hormones from pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads regulate all of the following EXCEPT:

Which endocrine function is most directly regulated by insulin and glucagon?

In the TRH → TSH → T3/T4 axis, what type of control is exerted when rising T3/T4 levels suppress TRH and TSH?

Oxytocin release during labor, where uterine contractions lead to more oxytocin release and stronger contractions, is an example of:

In a classic hypothalamic–pituitary–target gland axis, which sequence best represents the direction of control?

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