Units 3 and 4 Final Review

What were some of the principles of Revolution during this era?

• Divine-right monarchy and feudal privilege

• Natural Rights, Rule of Law, and Popular Sovereignty

• Isolationism and mercantilist protection

• Strict clerical rule over civil law

What were the important aspects of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

• Men are born and remain free and equal in rights, including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression

• All political authority rests with the clergy and the king

• Only landowners may enjoy civil rights, while others have duties

• Trial by ordeal replaces courts of law

What was the Reign of Terror?

• A peaceful reform movement led by constitutional monarchists

• A period (1793–1794) of radical rule and mass executions under the Committee of Public Safety

• A foreign invasion that restored the Bourbon monarchy without violence

• An economic depression caused by crop failures alone

What was the impact of the Reign of Terror?

• It immediately established a stable constitutional monarchy

• It executed thousands, silenced opposition, and ended with the fall of Robespierre

• It abolished the National Convention and restored feudalism

• It permanently banned political clubs and newspapers in France

What positives came out of the Napoleonic Code?

• Abolition of all civil courts

• Equality before the law and protection of property through a uniform civil code

• Universal suffrage for women at the national level

• Return of feudal privileges for the nobility

What negatives came out of the Napoleonic Code?

• Expanded political rights for women and children

• Legalization of serfdom across Europe

• Limits on women’s rights and civil liberties alongside authoritarian control

• Abolition of private property

What were similarities between the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Haitian Revolution?

• Defense of hereditary privilege and absolute monarchy

• Commitment to Enlightenment ideals such as liberty and popular sovereignty

• Exclusive goal of expanding European empires

• Creation of the Holy Alliance

What were the causes and effects of the American Revolution?

• Opposition to taxation without representation and Enlightenment ideas led to independence and a republican government

• A slave uprising in Saint-Domingue led to Britain annexing the colonies

• Religious wars in Europe led to a papal monarchy in North America

• Peasant revolts in France led to union with Canada

What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution?

• Colonial protests against the Stamp Act produced the U.S. Constitution

• Financial crisis and estate inequality spurred revolt, leading to the end of monarchy and new rights declarations

• Spanish conquest led to the creation of viceroyalties

• Union leaders negotiated an eight-hour workday

What were the causes and effects of the Haitian Revolution?

• Industrial mechanization sparked urban reforms in Port-au-Prince

• Enslaved people, inspired by Enlightenment and French events, overthrew slavery and founded an independent Black republic

• Support for Napoleon restored French control and expanded plantations

• British settlers established a self-governing dominion