Gene Expression

Which statement best defines mutation as shown in the diagram with a normal DNA strand and a mutated strand where an 'A' base is changed to 'C'?

• A change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome

• The copying of DNA into an RNA strand

• The conversion of mRNA into a protein by a ribosome

• The separation of complementary DNA strands without altering bases

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

During transcription, what is the immediate product formed when a DNA strand is copied for the purpose of protein synthesis?

• A messenger RNA strand

• A new double-stranded DNA molecule

• A polypeptide chain of amino acids

• A transfer RNA anticodon

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Which process directly uses a ribosome and transfer RNAs to convert the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a polypeptide with a specific sequence of amino acids?

• Translation

• Transcription

• Replication

• Mutation

Which statement best describes messenger RNA (mRNA) as introduced in the vocabulary bank?

• A single-stranded nucleic acid copy of a specific DNA sequence used to transfer genetic information to a ribosome to make a protein

• A double-stranded nucleic acid that stores hereditary information in the nucleus

• An amino acid chain that folds into a functional protein at the ribosome

• A cellular organelle that reads DNA directly to assemble proteins

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS1-6

Based on the vocabulary bank, which molecule is the carrier of genetic information present in nearly all organisms and forms a double helix?

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• Amino acids

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Recall: Which statement best defines a deletion mutation?

• A nitrogenous base is removed from the DNA or mRNA strand

• One base pair in the DNA sequence is replaced by another

• One or more nucleotide base pairs are added into a DNA sequence

• A segment of DNA is inverted without changing base number

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Skill/Concept: A DNA replication error adds extra nucleotide base pairs to the replicating strand compared to the template. Which mutation type does this scenario illustrate?

• Deletion

• Insertion

• Substitution

• Translocation

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Strategic Thinking: A point mutation changes one base pair so that cytosine–guanine is replaced by adenine–thymine at a single position. Predict the mutation type and the most direct potential effect on the encoded protein.

• Deletion; frameshift altering all codons downstream

• Insertion; silent change with no amino acid difference

• Substitution; may change one amino acid in the protein

• Duplication; removes two amino acids from the protein

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

According to the definition provided, what is a codon?

• A single nucleotide in DNA that marks the start of replication

• A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that encodes a specific amino acid or a stop signal

• A chain of amino acids forming a complete protein

• A segment of tRNA that carries an amino acid

Which statement best describes an amino acid as shown in the structural diagrams?

• A molecule made only of carbon rings with no functional groups

• A molecule containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain unique to each type

• A molecule composed exclusively of nucleotides

• A molecule defined solely by having a phosphate group and sugar

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-6