Tâm Lý.5

1. Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of

• a. learning.

• b. memory.

• c. motivation.

• d. both sensation and perception.

2. At home, you rattle the chain on your dog’s leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

• a. going for a walk

• b. the sound of the leash

• c. the front door

• d. the dog runs to the door

3. A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called

• a. stimulus generalization.

• b. stimulus discrimination.

• c. spontaneous recovery.

• d. extinction.

4. During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What’s more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn’t going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn’t come running to the front door. What has occurred?

• a. stimulus generalization

• b. stimulus discrimination

• c. spontaneous recovery

• d. extinction

5. Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to

• a. higher-order conditioning.

• b. a conditioned taste aversion.

• c. stimulus substitution.

• d. stimulus generalization.

6. Caitlin works in the psychology department’s rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin’s psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of

• a. biological preparedness.

• b. psychological preparedness.

• c. instinctive drift.

• d. stimulus substitution.

7. Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?

• a. Thorndike’s law of effect

• b. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning

• c. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning

• d. Köhler’s insight learning theory

8. In classical conditioning, behavior typically is, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is .

• a. rewarded; punished

• b. biological; internal

• c. voluntary; involuntary

• d. involuntary; voluntary

9. Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?

• a. Pavlov’s classical conditioning

• b. Thorndike’s law of effect

• c. Bandura’s observational theory

• d. Köhler’s insight theory

10. Positive reinforcement results in a in the target

behavior and negative reinforcement results in a

in the target behavior.

• a. an increase; a decrease

• b. an increase; an increase

• c. a decrease; a decrease

• d. a decrease; an increase