Innate Immunity I TLRs Phagocytosis

Which of the following best describes how the innate immune response helps initiate the adaptive immune response?

• Neutrophils present microbial antigens on MHC class I molecules to T cells

• Dendritic cells recognize PAMPs via PRRs and migrate to lymph nodes to present antigens

• Complement proteins directly activate T cells in the bloodstream

• Antimicrobial peptides display antigens on MHC class II molecules

Which statement best describes how the innate immune system recognizes pathogens?

• It recognizes highly conserved structural patterns called PAMPs found on many microorganisms

• It recognizes highly specific antigens unique to each microorganism

• It recognizes self-antigens, which can lead to autoimmunity

• It recognizes man-made and synthetic structures as foreign

Which of the following is an example of a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP)?

• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on bacterial cell walls

• Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

• ATP released from damaged host cells

• Complement protein C3

Which of the following best describes the role of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity?

• They recognize common PAMPs and trigger an immediate immune response, including complement activation

• They recognize specific antigens and generate immunological memory

• They are only found on lymphocytes and function in adaptive immunity

• They recognize more than 10⁶ different molecular patterns

Which of the following receptors on macrophages is specifically involved in recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

• Mannose receptor

• Scavenger receptor

• Glucan receptor

• CD14 (associated with TLR-4)

Which of the following statements about pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is CORRECT?

• Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are cytoplasmic receptors involved only in adaptive immunity

• NOD receptors are cell-surface PRRs that recognize extracellular pathogens

• TLRs play a major role in innate immunity and help induce adaptive immune responses

• PRRs were discovered in 2011 as part of adaptive immunity research

Which component of a typical Toll-like receptor (TLR) is responsible for signal transduction inside the cell?

• Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) exterior domain

• Ribbon model of the exterior domain

• Cell membrane region

• TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor) domain

Which of the following statements about Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD proteins is CORRECT?

• All TLRs function only on the cell surface and never in endosomes

• Different TLRs recognize different microbial molecules and often function in pairs

• NOD proteins bind only extracellular pathogens on the cell membrane

• All immune cells express the same combination of TLRs

Which Toll-like receptor (TLR) pairing is responsible for recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria?

• TLR-1 / TLR-2

• . TLR-2 / TLR-6

• TLR-4 / TLR-4

• TLR-5 / TLR-5

Which Toll-like receptor found in endosomal membranes recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA from bacterial and viral genomes?

• TLR-3

• TLR-7

• TLR-8

• TLR-9