RM_L8_M03

Which of the following best describes exploratory research?

• It tests hypotheses with controlled experiments

• It seeks to clarify ambiguous problems

• It measures frequency of events in a population

• It establishes cause-and-effect relationships

Descriptive research is primarily concerned with:

• Identifying unknown variables

• Explaining causal mechanisms

• Providing detailed profiles of phenomena

• Manipulating independent variables

Diagnostic (causal) research differs from descriptive research because:

• It focuses on “what” rather than “why”

• It investigates relationships and causes

• It avoids hypothesis formulation

• It only uses qualitative methods

Which of the following is a limitation of non-experimental research?

• It cannot describe phenomena

• It lacks external validity

• It cannot establish causality

• It requires random assignment

In experimental design, the independent variable is:

• The outcome measured

• The factor manipulated

• The uncontrolled variable

• The confounding factor

Which of the following statements is true about hypothesis testing in non-experimental research?

• Hypotheses are tested by manipulating variables

• Hypotheses are tested through observed associations

• Hypotheses are never tested

• Hypotheses are tested only with randomization

A researcher wants to study the effect of classroom lighting on student performance but cannot alter the lighting conditions. Which design is most appropriate?

• Experimental design

• Non-experimental design

• Diagnostic design

• Exploratory design

Which of the following is a key strength of experimental design compared to non-experimental design?

• It ensures external validity

• It eliminates all confounding variables

• It allows causal inference

• It requires fewer resources

A study on the impact of social media usage on anxiety levels uses surveys without manipulating exposure. This is an example of:

• Experimental design

• Non-experimental design

• Diagnostic design

• Exploratory design

Which of the following combinations is incorrect?

• Exploratory → Clarifies problems

• Descriptive → Profiles phenomena

• Diagnostic → Establishes causality

• Experimental → Observes associations without manipulation