Human Memory

Processes which involve focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events are said to use

• Elaboration

• Attention

• Dual coding

• Memory

What is the typical outcome when participants divide their attention between memory encoding and another task?

• New insights about each task are gained

• Memory performance increases

• Memory performance decreases

• Ability to divide attention improves

In which level of processing is emphasis placed on the meaning of words?

• Structural

• Phonemic

• Semantic

• Sensory

Which memory system briefly preserves information in its original sensory form?

• Long-term memory

• Short-term memory

• Sensory memory

• Episodic memory

According to research on short-term memory capacity, people can usually hold about

• 2 ± 1 items

• 4 ± 1 items

• 7 ± 2 items

• 12 ± 2 items

Grouping information into meaningful units in order to remember more information is called

• Elaboration

• Chunking

• Rehearsal

• Encoding

According to dual-coding theory, memory is improved when information is stored as

• Sensory and emotional codes

• Verbal and visual codes

• Semantic and phonemic codes

• Procedural and declarative codes

Which component of working memory is responsible for visual and spatial information?

• Phonological loop

• Episodic buffer

• Visuospatial sketchpad

• Central executive

The component of working memory that directs attention and coordinates the system is the

• Phonological loop

• Central executive

• Episodic buffer

• Sensory register

Participants who studied a list of words underwater recalled the words better when tested underwater than on land. This demonstrates

• Encoding specificity

• Context-dependent memory

• State-dependent memory

• Recognition memory