Social Development

According to Bowlby's evolutionary perspective, why do infants need to send signals like crying and smiling?

• • To practice using their vocal cords

• • Because they cannot physically follow adults, so adults must come to them

• • To get attention from other babies

• Because they are born with excess energy to release

What is Konrad Lorenz's "baby schema" (Kindchenschema)?

• • A parenting style recommended for newborns

• • Certain features like big eyes and round faces that are perceived as "cute" across species

• A method for measuring infant intelligence

• The way babies learn to smile

At what age do social smiles FIRST begin to appear?

• • Around 2 months

• • At birth

• Around 6 months

• Around 1 year

Which of the following is a PRIMARY emotion that babies show from birth?

• • Pride

• • Shame

• Interest

• • Embarrassment

How much do normal infants cry per day in the first six weeks of life?

• Less than 30 minutes

• 1-3 hours

• 4-6 hours

• • 7-9 hours

What is "anticipatory smiling"?

• • Smiling in sleep

• Smiling at a stranger

• • Smiling at an object then turning to share the smile with an adult

• • Crying then smiling

According to Schaffer, which cry has a sudden onset with breath-holding?

• Hunger cry

• • Pain cry

• Mad cry

• Tired cry

The MRI study by Caria et al. (2012) found that adult brains respond more strongly to .....................

• human baby faces compared to animal faces

• • adult faces compared to baby faces

• • animal faces compared to human faces

• male faces compared to female faces

What are "protoconversations"?

• Conversations between toddlers

• Rhythmic, turn-taking exchanges between infants and caregivers

• Baby talk without meaning

• • Conversations about food

What did Murray & Trevarthen's 1985 video experiment demonstrate?

• • Babies prefer their fathers

• Babies become distressed when interactions are out of sync

• Babies enjoy watching themselves on video

• • Babies prefer animal faces