Learning Objectives - Skeletal System

Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletal divisions.

• The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles.

• The axial skeleton consists only of the limbs, while the appendicular skeleton includes the skull and rib cage.

• The axial skeleton is responsible for movement, while the appendicular skeleton provides protection.

• The axial skeleton includes the girdles, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the vertebral column.

Analyze the microscopic structure of the Haversian system.

• The Haversian system consists of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.

• The Haversian system is made up of adipose tissue and blood vessels only.

• The Haversian system is composed of loose connective tissue.

• The Haversian system contains only nerve fibers.

The roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling are:

• Osteoblasts build bone, while osteoclasts break down bone.

• Osteoblasts break down bone, while osteoclasts build bone.

• Both osteoblasts and osteoclasts only build bone.

• Both osteoblasts and osteoclasts only break down bone.

Classify bones by shape and identify the functions of bone marrow.

• Bones are classified as long, short, flat, and irregular; bone marrow produces blood cells and stores fat.

• Bones are classified as round, square, triangular, and oval; bone marrow supports muscles.

• Bones are classified as thick, thin, wide, and narrow; bone marrow strengthens bones.

• Bones are classified as curved, straight, spiral, and rectangular; bone marrow forms cartilage.

What is an osteocyte? Fill in the blank: An osteocyte is a mature bone cell formed when an osteoblast embeds in its matrix.

• A mature bone cell formed when an osteoblast embeds in its matrix.

• A cell responsible for breaking down bone tissue.

• A cell that produces cartilage in joints.

• A type of white blood cell found in bone marrow.

What is ossification? Fill in the blank: Ossification is the natural process of bone formation, where cartilage or membranes are replaced by hard bone tissue.

• The natural process of bone formation, where cartilage or membranes are replaced by hard bone tissue.

• The process of muscle contraction in the body.

• The breakdown of bone tissue into cartilage.

• The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow.

What is periosteum? Fill in the blank: Periosteum is ___ .

• Dense vascular tissue covering bones, excluding joint surfaces.

• A type of cartilage found in joints.

• A fluid-filled sac between muscles.

• A layer of fat beneath the skin.

What is homeostasis? Fill in the blank: Homeostasis is the tendency toward stable equilibrium, such as maintaining blood calcium via bone remodeling.

• The tendency toward stable equilibrium, such as maintaining blood calcium via bone remodeling.

• The process of breaking down food for energy.

• The ability to move in response to stimuli.

• The mechanism for producing hormones.

What is the main function of osteoblasts?

• Break down bone tissue

• Secrete the organic matrix of bone and promote mineralization

• Release minerals into the blood

• Ensure systemic homeostasis

What is the main function of osteoclasts?

• Build new bone matrix

• Break down bone tissue to release minerals

• Promote mineralization

• Secrete osteoid