Texas High School — World History End-of-Course Final Exam<br>Un

Which river valley is often called the 'Cradle of Civilization' because it was home to some of the world's earliest cities?

• The Nile River Valley
• The Indus River Valley
• The Mesopotamian River Valley (Tigris and Euphrates)
• The Yellow River Valley

The Code of Hammurabi is significant in world history primarily because it —

• established the first democratic government in the ancient world
• created one of the earliest written legal codes, showing that laws applied to all people
• ended warfare between Mesopotamian city-states and created lasting peace
• introduced monotheistic religion to the ancient Near East

Compare the development of early river valley civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. What is the BEST explanation for why both civilizations built complex systems of government and religion?

• Both civilizations were influenced by the same group of migrating people who brought their customs.
• The need to organize large groups of people for farming, flood control, and trade led to more complex social structures.
• Both governments were established by military conquest, which required strict laws and religious control.
• Geographic isolation forced both civilizations to develop identical solutions to survive.

What term describes the system of government developed in ancient Athens in which citizens voted directly on laws and leaders?

• Republic
• Monarchy
• Direct democracy
• Oligarchy

The Roman Republic and Athenian democracy are both considered foundations of modern government. How were the two systems DIFFERENT?

• Athens allowed all residents, including slaves and women, to vote, while Rome only allowed land-owning men.
• Rome used elected representatives to make laws, while Athens allowed citizens to vote directly on issues.
• Athens was ruled by a senate, while Rome relied on citizens to vote directly on every issue.
• Rome allowed women to participate in government, while Athens excluded them entirely.

The Silk Road was important to classical civilizations in Asia, Europe, and Africa because it —

• allowed armies to move quickly between China and Rome for military alliances
• provided a route for the spread of goods, ideas, religions, and diseases across continents
• gave Chinese merchants direct control over trade in the Mediterranean Sea
• was used mainly by religious missionaries who spread Christianity to Asia

Which religion began on the Arabian Peninsula in the 600s CE and is based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad?

• Christianity
• Judaism
• Buddhism
• Islam

Buddhism spread from India across much of Asia largely because of —

• military conquest by Buddhist armies that forced people to convert
• trade routes and the support of powerful rulers like the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka
• the construction of the Great Wall of China, which helped Buddhist monks travel safely
• the decline of Hinduism, which left a religious vacuum across Asia

Christianity and Islam both spread rapidly throughout the ancient world. Which statement BEST explains the role of political power in the spread of these religions?

• Both religions spread only through peaceful missionary work, without any connection to government.
• Christianity spread after Constantine made it legal in Rome; Islam spread through both religious teaching and the expansion of Islamic caliphates.
• Both religions required military conquest to spread, and neither gained followers voluntarily.
• Islam spread only in Africa and Asia, while Christianity spread only in Europe and the Americas.

During the Middle Ages in Europe, the feudal system organized society mainly by —

• dividing land and political power based on military service and loyalty
• allowing citizens to vote for local leaders who controlled the land
• giving the Catholic Church complete control over all land and government
• creating trade guilds that managed the economy in each kingdom