Exploring Ecology and Growth Mechanisms in AP Biology

What is the primary difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree?

• A cladogram includes timing, while a phylogenetic tree shows hypothetical relationships.

• Neither shows hypothetical relationships or timing.

• A cladogram shows hypothetical relationships without timing, while a phylogenetic tree includes timing.

• Both show hypothetical relationships and timing.

Which of the following is an example of an innate behavior?

• A human pulling their hand away from a hot stove.

• A bird learning to sing from its parents.

• A dog fetching a ball after being trained.

• A cat learning to use a litter box.

What is the 10% rule in the context of energy flow through ecosystems?

• 10% of organisms survive at each trophic level.

• Only 10% of energy is used by producers.

• 10% of energy is lost as heat at each trophic level.

• Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.

Which of the following best describes an ectotherm?

• An organism that does not regulate its body temperature.

• An organism that generates its own heat to regulate body temperature.

• An organism that uses both internal and external sources to regulate body temperature.

• An organism that relies on external sources to regulate body temperature.

In an experiment, what is the purpose of a negative control?

• To ensure the dependent variable is accurate.

• To provide a baseline measurement without the influence of the independent variable.

• To measure the effect of the independent variable.

• To compare multiple independent variables.

What is the primary role of the enzyme rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

• It breaks down glucose into simpler molecules.

• It transports water and nutrients in plants.

• It converts light energy into chemical energy.

• It fixes atmospheric carbon into an organic molecule.

Which of the following best describes exponential growth in a population?

• A rapid increase in population size under ideal conditions.

• A population size that remains constant over time.

• A slow increase followed by a rapid decline.

• A steady increase in population size over time.

How do density-independent factors affect population size?

• They affect population size based on the number of individuals present.

• They have a greater impact when the population size is larger.

• They only affect populations in specific geographic areas.

• They affect population size regardless of the number of individuals present.

What is the carrying capacity (K) in a logistic growth model?

• The rate at which a population grows exponentially.

• The initial population size in a new environment.

• The maximum number of individuals an environment can support.

• The minimum number of individuals needed for a population to survive.

Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic relationship?

• A fungus and algae forming a lichen.

• A lion hunting a zebra.

• A tree providing shade to smaller plants.

• A mosquito spreading a disease.