Hypothesis Testing for P: Key Concepts and Applications

What is the first step in hypothesis testing for proportions?

• Framing the research question

• Analyzing the data

• Calculating the sample size

• Collecting the data

What condition checks the independence of observations in a study?

• n * p0 >= 10

• n < 0.05 * N

• n * (1 - p0) >= 10

• p0 = 0.5

What does the z-star value represent in the sample size calculation formula?

• Population proportion

• Sample proportion estimate

• Confidence level

• Desired margin of error

If no prior estimate of the proportion is available, what value is typically used in the sample size formula?

• 0.25

• 0

• 0.5

• 1

In the diet soda study, what was the null hypothesis regarding the proportion of people who can distinguish soda types?

• p = 0.50

• p > 0.50

• p < 0.50

• p != 0.50

What is the effect of increasing the confidence level on the required sample size?

• Increases the sample size

• Changes the p-hat value

• Decreases the sample size

• No effect on the sample size

What does a p-value less than 0.05 indicate in the context of hypothesis testing?

• Data is insufficient

• Increase the sample size

• Reject the null hypothesis

• Accept the null hypothesis

How is the test statistic calculated in hypothesis testing?

• z-star / Margin of error

• n * p0

• p-hat / p0

• (Observed value - Expected value) / Standard error

What margin of error was targeted in the study estimating student credit card debt?

• 10%

• 5%

• 2.5%

• 1%

What was the z-star value used for a 99% confidence level in the student debt study?

• 1.96

• 2.58

• 1.64

• 2.33