Exploring Genetic Mutations and Their Types

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

• RNA replication from DNA

• Protein folding into complex structures

• Protein synthesis from RNA

• DNA transcription to RNA and translation to protein

What process converts DNA to RNA?

• Translation

• Replication

• Transcription

• Mitosis

What is a codon?

• A DNA repair enzyme

• A group of three RNA nucleotides

• A mutation in DNA

• A type of protein

What replaces glutamate in the hemoglobin of individuals with sickle-cell disease?

• Lysine

• Valine

• Methionine

• Alanine

What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

• To replicate DNA

• To transport oxygen

• To produce energy

• To fight infections

Which amino acid is incorrectly incorporated due to the mutation causing sickle-cell disease?

• Leucine

• Glutamate

• Valine

• Lysine

Why are mistakes during translation unlikely to cause significant mutations?

• They affect only a single protein production

• They result in silent mutations

• They enhance protein function

• They are immediately corrected by cellular mechanisms

What is the consequence of a DNA mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin?

• Increased oxygen transport

• Decreased RNA stability

• No change in protein function

• All future hemoglobins will be mutated

How can genetic mutations be inherited?

• Through environmental exposure

• All of the above

• From parental DNA

• By acquiring mutations during life

What can cause spontaneous genetic mutations?

• Protein misfolding

• DNA replication errors

• Inheritance from parents

• All of the above