Modernism and Irrationalism in European History

The video explores the impact of scientific developments in the 18th and 19th centuries on European thought, focusing on Darwin's theory of evolution, the rise of positivism, and the resulting moral relativism. It discusses modernism's emphasis on irrationalism, highlighting philosophers like Nietzsche and Bergson, and examines Freud's contributions to psychology. The video concludes with the introduction of quantum mechanics by Max Planck, which challenged the predictability of Newtonian physics.

What was one major consequence of scientific advancements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe?

• The end of religious practices

• The rise of positivism

• The increase in agricultural production

• The decline of industrialization

How did positivism challenge traditional religious beliefs?

• By promoting divine revelation

• By emphasizing scientific verification

• By supporting religious rituals

• By encouraging spiritual experiences

What philosophical movement emphasized the irrational nature of the world?

• Rationalism

• Empiricism

• Irrationalism

• Existentialism

According to Nietzsche, what governs most human behavior?

• Scientific principles

• Emotions and instincts

• Rational thought

• Divine intervention

What did Henry Bergson argue about the role of science?

• Science is irrelevant to human progress

• Science is only useful for practical knowledge

• Science can explain all aspects of reality

• Science is the ultimate truth

What did Sigmund Freud believe influenced human behavior?

• Conscious decisions

• Subconscious experiences

• Rational choices

• External environment

What method did Freud develop to explore the subconscious?

• Behavioral analysis

• Psychoanalysis

• Dream interpretation

• Cognitive therapy

What did Max Planck's quantum mechanics reveal about atomic behavior?

• Atoms behave predictably

• Atoms follow Newtonian laws

• Atoms are stable and constant

• Atoms behave erratically

How did Planck's discoveries challenge Newtonian physics?

• By supporting classical mechanics

• By confirming Newton's theories

• By revealing chaos at the atomic level

• By showing the predictability of atoms

What overarching term was given to the tension between scientific advances and uncertainty?

• Classicism

• Renaissance

• Modernism

• Romanticism