p53, Mitosis, and Apoptosis for Anatomy and Physiology

The video discusses DNA damage and its impact on cells, focusing on how cells respond to low and high levels of damage. Low DNA damage can be repaired, allowing the cell cycle to continue, while high damage triggers apoptosis to prevent mutation propagation. The mechanisms involve CDK2, cyclin E, retinoblastoma protein, P53, and P21, which regulate the cell cycle and DNA repair processes.

What happens to a cell when it experiences high levels of DNA damage?

• It repairs the damage and continues to divide.

• It accelerates its division to outpace the damage.

• It undergoes apoptosis to prevent mutation propagation.

• It becomes dormant and stops dividing.

Which complex is responsible for facilitating the transition from G1 to the S phase in the cell cycle?

• Retinoblastoma protein and E2F

• Cyclin A and CDK1

• P53 and P21

• CDK2 and cyclin E

What is the role of retinoblastoma protein in the cell cycle?

• It inhibits E2F when active.

• It activates CDK2.

• It triggers apoptosis.

• It repairs DNA damage.

How does P21 affect CDK2 in the presence of DNA damage?

• It degrades CDK2.

• It activates CDK2.

• It binds and inactivates CDK2.

• It enhances CDK2's function.

What is the consequence of E2F inhibition in the cell cycle?

• Stalled entry into the S phase

• Increased DNA synthesis

• Activation of apoptosis

• Enhanced cell growth

What triggers apoptosis in the case of severe DNA damage?

• Activation of CDK2

• Inactivation of cyclin E

• Degradation of retinoblastoma protein

• Overactivation of P53

Which pathways are involved in apoptosis due to severe DNA damage?

• Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

• Mitochondrial and nuclear pathways

• Endoplasmic and lysosomal pathways

• Cytoplasmic and membrane pathways

What is the primary goal of apoptosis in the context of DNA damage?

• To increase genetic diversity

• To prevent cancer by eliminating mutated cells

• To enhance cell growth

• To repair DNA damage

What happens if the DNA damage is repairable?

• The cell undergoes apoptosis.

• The cell cycle continues after repair.

• The cell becomes dormant.

• The cell differentiates into another type.

What will the next video focus on, following this discussion on DNA damage?

• Cell cycle regulation

• DNA replication

• Apoptosis and caspases

• Genetic mutations