How Paris Became the 'City of Light'

Throughout history, pandemics have significantly influenced urban development and design. In the 19th century, cholera outbreaks in Europe led to investments in sanitation and urban renewal, exemplified by Haussmann's transformation of Paris. The 20th century saw tuberculosis and the 1918 flu pandemic prompting changes in building designs and the creation of urban parks. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated efforts to reduce pollution and promote sustainable urban planning, such as the 15-minute city concept in Paris. These changes highlight the lasting impact of health crises on city landscapes.

What urban transformation did Baron Haussmann lead in response to the cholera epidemics?

• Creation of underground railways

• Construction of skyscrapers

• Development of wide boulevards and gas-lit monuments

• Introduction of electric streetcars

How did the tuberculosis outbreak in the early 20th century influence urban design?

• It resulted in the development of underground transportation.

• It increased the need for urban parks and improved building ventilation.

• It prompted the creation of electric lighting systems.

• It led to the construction of skyscrapers.

What innovation was introduced during the 1918 flu pandemic to improve building ventilation?

• Air conditioning systems

• Double-glazed windows

• Steam heating systems with radiators

• Solar panels

What is the concept of the '15-minute city' introduced in Paris?

• A city with 15-minute public transport intervals

• A city where all essential services are within a 15-minute walk or bike ride

• A city with 15-minute parking zones

• A city with 15-minute work breaks

How has COVID-19 influenced urban planning in terms of transportation?

• Development of underground railways

• Introduction of electric buses

• Expansion of bike lanes and pedestrian areas

• Increased reliance on private cars