Victorian Pseudosciences: Brain Personality Maps

In 19th century England, neuroscience was evolving with legitimate research and pseudoscience like phrenology, which falsely linked skull shape to personality traits. Despite criticism, phrenology gained popularity, influencing social hierarchies and racism. Scientific advancements eventually debunked phrenology, revealing the brain's true structure and function. Modern neuroscience, aided by technology, confirms phrenology as junk science, though its influence lingers in language and thought.

How did Victorian scientists contribute to the understanding of the brain in the 19th century?

What was the main idea behind phrenology and how did it relate to personality traits?

What criticisms were raised against phrenology during its popularity?

In what ways did phrenology influence societal views on race and class?

What advancements in neuroscience have disproven the claims made by phrenologists?