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In the late 17th century, the Ottoman Empire weakened, prompting Mamluk rulers to seek independence. Ali Bey Al-Kabir emerged as a key figure, becoming Egypt's de facto ruler in 1768. Ambitious, he allied with Sheikh Zahir al-Umar and expanded his influence to Hijaz and Damascus. However, his deputy, Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, sided with the Ottomans, leading to the failure of Ali Bey's independence movement and Egypt's return to Ottoman control.

What was the state of the Ottoman Empire in the late 17th century?

• It was isolated from global affairs.

• It was at its peak power.

• It was experiencing decline and weakness.

• It was expanding rapidly.

Who became the de facto ruler of Egypt in 1768?

• Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab

• Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

• Ali Bey al-Kabir

• Sheikh Zahir al-Umar

What was one of Ali Bey al-Kabir's strategies to expand his influence?

• He formed an alliance with the Sultan.

• He focused on internal reforms.

• He allied with Sheikh Zahir al-Umar.

• He invaded Europe.

What was the outcome of Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab's actions?

• He successfully established an independent state.

• He was defeated by Ali Bey al-Kabir.

• He became the ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

• He sided with the Ottoman Sultan, leading to the failure of the independence movement.

What happened to Egypt after the failure of the independence movement?

• It returned to Ottoman control.

• It was divided into smaller states.

• It remained independent.

• It became a French colony.