The video tutorial explains how to calculate covariance for population data. It begins with an introduction to covariance and the differences between simple and population covariance. The tutorial then details the steps to calculate population means for two variables, X and Y, followed by obtaining deviations from the mean for each variable. The process of calculating population covariance is explained, emphasizing the importance of dividing by the population size. The video concludes by highlighting the key difference between population and sample covariance calculations.

What is the primary difference between simple covariance and population covariance?

• Population covariance is calculated using a different formula than simple covariance.

• There is no difference between simple and population covariance.

• Simple covariance is always larger than population covariance.

• Simple covariance uses sample data, while population covariance uses population data.

How is the mean of variable X calculated?

• By dividing the total of X by the number of variables.

• By subtracting the population size from the total of X.

• By multiplying the total of X by the population size.

• By adding the total of X to the population size.

What is the mean of variable Y in the given example?

• 18

• 144

• 280

• 35

What does a negative deviation indicate for variable X?

• The value is equal to the mean.

• The value is less than the mean.

• The value is greater than the mean.

• The value is twice the mean.

What is the sum of positive deviations for variable X?

• 18

• 35

• 0

• 19

What is the sum of negative deviations for variable Y?

• 23

• 0

• 19

• 35

How do you calculate the product of deviations for covariance?

• By subtracting X minus X bar from Y minus Y bar.

• By dividing X minus X bar by Y minus Y bar.

• By adding X minus X bar and Y minus Y bar.

• By multiplying X minus X bar and Y minus Y bar.

What is the final step in calculating population covariance?

• Multiplying the sum of products by the population size.

• Dividing the sum of products by the population size.

• Adding the population size to the sum of products.

• Subtracting the population size from the sum of products.

What is the population covariance in the example?

• 8

• 273

• 34.125

• 35

What is the key difference in calculating sample covariance compared to population covariance?

• Sample covariance uses a different formula.

• There is no difference in calculation.

• Sample covariance uses n-1 instead of n.

• Sample covariance uses n instead of n-1.