Chemical Equilibrium and Thermodynamics Concepts

Chapter 18 covers reaction rates, collision theory, and factors affecting reaction rates such as temperature, concentration, particle size, and catalysts. It explains reversible reactions and chemical equilibrium, including the effects of concentration, temperature, and pressure. Solubility equilibrium and the common ion effect are discussed, along with entropy, spontaneity, and Gibbs free energy, highlighting how these concepts determine reaction spontaneity.

What is the primary factor that determines whether a collision between molecules will result in a reaction?

• The color of the molecules

• The kinetic energy and orientation of the molecules

• The size of the molecules

• The temperature of the environment

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

• Concentration

• Presence of a catalyst

• Temperature

• Color of reactants

In a reversible reaction at equilibrium, what is true about the rates of the forward and reverse reactions?

• The forward reaction rate is zero

• The reverse reaction rate is zero

• The rates are equal

• The rates are constantly changing

What happens to a system at equilibrium when a stress is applied?

• The system shifts to relieve the stress

• The system becomes static

• The system remains unchanged

• The system speeds up the forward reaction only

What is the solubility product constant (Ksp) used to describe?

• The temperature of a solution

• The solubility of a compound

• The concentration of a catalyst

• The rate of a reaction

What effect does the common ion have on the solubility of an ionic compound?

• Has no effect

• Decreases solubility

• Changes the color of the solution

• Increases solubility

How does an increase in entropy affect a chemical reaction?

• It favors spontaneous reactions

• It decreases the reaction rate

• It favors non-spontaneous reactions

• It has no effect

Which state of matter generally has the highest entropy?

• Plasma

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

What does a negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) indicate about a reaction?

• The reaction is non-spontaneous

• The reaction is spontaneous

• The reaction is at equilibrium

• The reaction is endothermic

Which equation represents the relationship between Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy?

• ΔG = ΔH * TΔS

• ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

• ΔG = ΔH + TΔS

• ΔG = ΔH / TΔS