Tumor Suppressor Genes and Functions

The video explains the roles of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cell growth and cancer. It discusses how mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, resulting in cancer. Tumor suppressor genes are categorized into gatekeepers, which directly control cell growth, and caretakers, which maintain genetic stability. The video also covers the cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of these processes in preventing cancer.

What is the primary role of proto-oncogenes in cell biology?

• To suppress cell growth

• To promote cell division and growth

• To repair DNA damage

• To induce apoptosis

Which category of tumor suppressor genes is responsible for maintaining genetic stability?

• Gatekeepers

• Caretakers

• Apoptotic genes

• Proto-oncogenes

What is the function of pRB in the cell cycle?

• To sequester E2F and prevent cell cycle progression

• To promote the transition from G1 to S phase

• To induce apoptosis

• To repair DNA damage

Which protein is transcribed by p53 to halt the cell cycle?

• Cyclin D

• p21

• Bax

• E2F

What happens when pRB is non-functional?

• Apoptosis is induced

• DNA repair is enhanced

• Growth and proliferation occur

• Cell cycle progression is halted

What is the role of Bax in apoptosis?

• To repair DNA damage

• To create pores in the mitochondrial membrane

• To promote cell division

• To sequester E2F

Which family of proteins is involved in inhibiting the cyclin D-CDK4 complex?

• E2F family

• p53 family

• CIP family

• Bcl-2 family

What is the consequence of a defect in nucleotide excision repair?

• Increased cell division

• Skin cancer

• Apoptosis

• Enhanced DNA repair

How do caretaker genes contribute to tumor suppression?

• By directly suppressing cell growth

• By maintaining genetic stability

• By promoting cell division

• By inducing apoptosis

Which gene is known as the 'guardian of the genome'?

• pRB

• p53

• Cyclin D

• Bax