Hemoglobin Function and Regulation

The video tutorial discusses effector molecules, focusing on 2,3-BPG and the Bohr effect. It explains how 2,3-BPG, a byproduct of metabolism, binds to hemoglobin, reducing its oxygen affinity, which is crucial for oxygen release in tissues. The Bohr effect is explored, highlighting the role of acids and carbon dioxide in influencing hemoglobin's oxygen binding through changes in pH and CO2 concentration. The tutorial also touches on fetal hemoglobin's higher oxygen affinity due to reduced 2,3-BPG binding.

What is the primary role of 2,3-BPG in the bloodstream?

• Increase hemoglobin's oxygen affinity

• Decrease hemoglobin's oxygen affinity

• Transport carbon dioxide

• Bind to oxygen directly

How does 2,3-BPG affect hemoglobin's structure?

• Stabilizes the R-state

• Stabilizes the T-state

• Decreases hemoglobin's size

• Increases hemoglobin's size

Why does fetal hemoglobin have a higher oxygen affinity?

• It binds more 2,3-BPG

• It has reduced 2,3-BPG binding

• It has more iron atoms

• It is smaller in size

What is the Bohr effect primarily concerned with?

• Protein folding

• Temperature changes

• Salt concentration

• Acids and carbon dioxide

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid?

• Carbonic anhydrase

• Pepsin

• Lactase

• Amylase

How does a decrease in pH affect hemoglobin's oxygen affinity?

• Increases oxygen affinity

• Decreases oxygen affinity

• Has no effect

• Increases carbon dioxide binding

What happens to hemoglobin when carbon dioxide levels are high?

• It releases oxygen

• It binds more oxygen

• It breaks down

• It becomes more stable

What is the result of protonation of alkoxides in hemoglobin?

• Formation of salt bridges

• Decrease in hemoglobin size

• Breaking of salt bridges

• Increase in hemoglobin size

What is the primary transport form of carbon dioxide in plasma?

• Carbonic acid

• Bicarbonate

• Carbaminohemoglobin

• Dissolved CO2

How does oxygen concentration affect the Bohr effect?

• Higher oxygen concentration decreases the effect

• Lower oxygen concentration decreases the effect

• Higher oxygen concentration increases the effect

• Oxygen concentration has no effect