2018 Nobel Prize for Medicine awarded to duo's work on cancer immunotherapy

James P. Allison and Tasuko Honjo discovered immune checkpoints that prevent T cells from attacking tumors. They identified proteins CTLA-4 and PD-1 on T cells that interact with tumor proteins, leading to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors. These drugs block the pathways controlled by CTLA-4 and PD-1, allowing T cells to attack tumors. The FDA has approved these drugs for treating various advanced cancers, resulting in significant tumor regressions.

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