ACID BASE BALANCE & BUFFER SYSTEM

A patient has the following ABG: pH 7.31, PaCO₂ 50 mmHg, HCO₃⁻ 24 mEq/L. What is the primary acid-base imbalance?

• A. Metabolic acidosis
  

• B. Respiratory alkalosis
  

• C. Respiratory acidosis
  

• D. Metabolic alkalosis

Which organ responds first to an acid-base imbalance?

• A. Kidneys
  

• B. Liver
  

• C. Lungs
  

• D. Adrenal glands

How does the kidney compensate for chronic respiratory acidosis?

• A. Retains hydrogen ions
  

• B. Decreases bicarbonate production
  

• C. Increases bicarbonate reabsorption
  

• D. Increases CO₂ excretion

Which ABG result best indicates compensated metabolic acidosis?

• A. pH 7.40, PaCO₂ 30, HCO₃⁻ 18
  

• B. pH 7.29, PaCO₂ 50, HCO₃⁻ 24
  

• C. pH 7.32, PaCO₂ 42, HCO₃⁻ 19
  

• D. pH 7.35, PaCO₂ 28, HCO₃⁻ 18

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety. What acid-base imbalance may develop?

• A. Respiratory acidosis
  

• B. Metabolic alkalosis
  

• C. Respiratory alkalosis
  

• D. Metabolic acidosis

Which parameter is primarily regulated by the lungs in acid-base balance?

• A. Bicarbonate
  

• B. Hydrogen ions
  

• C. Sodium
  

• D. Carbon dioxide

Which ABG value confirms partial compensation?

• A. pH is normal
  

• B. PaCO₂ and HCO₃⁻ are both abnormal, pH is abnormal
  

• C. Only PaCO₂ is abnormal
  

• D. All values are normal

A patient with vomiting may develop which acid-base imbalance?

• A. Metabolic alkalosis
  

• B. Respiratory acidosis
  

• C. Metabolic acidosis
  

• D. Respiratory alkalosis

A 58-year-old male with chronic kidney disease presents with confusion and deep, rapid respirations. ABG results:

• pH: 7.28

• PaCO₂: 28 mmHg

• HCO₃⁻: 14 mEq/L

Which of the following best explains the patient’s acid-base imbalance?

• A. Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis
  

• B. Partially compensated metabolic acidosis
  

• C. Fully compensated metabolic alkalosis
  

• D. Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis

Which acid-base disturbance is expected in a patient with prolonged diarrhea?

• A. Metabolic alkalosis
  

• B. Metabolic acidosis
  

• C. Respiratory alkalosis
  

• D. Respiratory acidosis