Understanding GPS Twinkling and the Ionosphere

What causes the twinkling effect observed in GPS signals?

• Interference from other satellites

• Irregularities in the ionosphere

• Reflections from the ocean surface

• Changes in Earth's magnetic field

What was the primary goal of the CINDI mission?

• To observe solar flares

• To map the ocean currents

• To study the ionosphere and its irregularities

• To explore the surface of Mars

What unexpected finding did the CINDI mission reveal about ionospheric irregularities?

• They are strongest during the day

• They disappear completely at midnight

• There is a second peak of irregularities in the middle of the night

• They are unaffected by seasonal changes

What phenomenon did researchers observe towards the end of the CINDI mission?

• A new type of solar flare

• An increase in satellite collisions

• Shear in the motions of the upper atmosphere

• A decrease in atmospheric pressure

What is the goal of the ICON mission?

• To understand the interaction between Earth's atmosphere and space

• To study the surface of the Moon

• To measure the temperature of the ionosphere

• To track the movement of tectonic plates