Understanding Lengthenide Contraction

What mnemonic is used to memorize the elements of the lengthenide series?

• Australian Prime Minister and Deputy at a wooden table, with pears and peaches

• American President and Vice President at a round table, with apples and oranges

• Canadian President and Prime Minister at same European Golden Table, dry hot egg, tomato, yellow lemon

• British Prime Minister and Chancellor at a silver table, with grapes and bananas

What is defined as the distance between the valence electron and the nucleus?

• Electron gap

• Ionic radius

• Atomic radius

• Nuclear distance

What does the shielding effect describe?

• The increase in atomic size due to electron repulsion

• The increase in nuclear force on inner electrons

• The protection of inner electrons from outer electrons

• The reduction of nuclear force on outer electrons by inner electrons

How does high shielding effect influence atomic size?

• It makes atomic size unpredictable

• It has no effect on atomic size

• It increases atomic size

• It decreases atomic size

Which orbital has the highest shielding effect?

• D orbital

• P orbital

• F orbital

• S orbital

What is the main cause of lengthenide contraction?

• Strong shielding effect of F orbital

• Weak shielding effect of F orbital

• Strong nuclear force of S orbital

• Weak nuclear force of D orbital

What happens to the atomic radii of the lengthenide series as you move from left to right?

• It increases

• It remains constant

• It decreases

• It fluctuates

What is the range of atomic radii decrease in the lengthenide series?

• From 220 picometer to 180 picometer

• From 150 picometer to 100 picometer

• From 187 picometer to 172 picometer

• From 200 picometer to 150 picometer

What is the effect of nuclear force leakage on atomic size?

• It has no effect on atomic size

• It decreases atomic size

• It increases atomic size

• It makes atomic size unpredictable

What is the definition of lengthenide contraction?

• The fluctuation of atomic size with changes in temperature

• The increase in atomic size with a decrease in atomic number

• The decrease in atomic and ionic size with an increase in atomic number

• The constant atomic size across the lengthenide series