Logical Fallacies in Arguments

Consider the argument: "If a student studies diligently, they will pass the exam. John did not study diligently. Therefore, John will not pass the exam." What type of fallacy does this argument exemplify?

• Affirmation of the Consequent

• Negation of the Antecedent

• Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle Term

• Fallacy ad populum

An argument states: "If a country invests heavily in education, its economy will grow. Country X's economy has grown. Therefore, Country X must have invested heavily in education." Which logical fallacy is demonstrated here?

• Negation of the Antecedent

• Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle Term

• Affirmation of the Consequent

• Fallacy of Composition

A magazine editor claims: "To be featured on our cover, one must be either a groundbreaking scientist or a renowned artist. This month, a renowned artist is on the cover. Thus, this person cannot be a groundbreaking scientist." This reasoning commits which fallacy?

• Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle Term

• Affirmation of a Disjunctive

• Negation of the Antecedent

• Fallacy of Equivocation

A political candidate argues: "My policy proposal must be correct because polls show that 70% of the population supports it." This argument is an example of which fallacy?

• Appeal to Authority

• Ad Hominem

• Fallacy ad populum

• Slippery Slope

Which logical fallacy involves discrediting an argument by attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, rather than addressing the argument itself?

• Appeal to Authority

• Ad Hominem

• Appeal to Ignorance

• Hasty Generalization

What fallacy occurs when an argument is asserted to be true solely because a perceived authority figure or institution claims it is true, without providing further evidence or reasoning?

• Appeal to Consequence

• Straw Man Fallacy

• Appeal to Authority

• Tu Quoque Fallacy

Inferring a broad conclusion from a small or unrepresentative sample of evidence is characteristic of which logical fallacy?

• Fallacy of Composition

• Hasty Generalization

• Middle Ground Fallacy

• Incomplete Evidence Fallacy

Which fallacy incorrectly assumes that because one event occurred after another, the first event must have caused the second?

• Appeal to Ignorance

• Appeal to Consequence

• Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

• Tu Quoque Fallacy