Asian Intellectual Responses to Western Influence

What was a significant consequence of European imperialism on Asian societies during the 19th and early 20th centuries?

• It led to widespread economic prosperity and cultural exchange.

• It resulted in the complete adoption of European political systems across Asia.

• It caused humiliation and prompted Asian intellectuals to develop counter-ideas.

• It fostered a sense of unity among all Asian nations against European powers.

According to Asian intellectuals, what was the primary reason for Europe's ability to dominate and humiliate them?

• Europe's superior religious beliefs.

• Europe's advanced industrial technology and military organization.

• Europe's larger population and geographical advantage.

• Europe's ancient philosophical traditions.

What was the main goal of China's Self-Strengthening Movement in the late 19th century?

• To completely abandon traditional Chinese culture and adopt Western ways.

• To strengthen China's military and industry by learning from Western models.

• To establish a democratic government similar to those in Europe.

• To promote Confucianism as a global philosophy.

What did Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani advocate for Muslims to achieve by 1879?

• To embrace European culture and traditions.

• To form a unified nation based on shared cultural identity.

• To establish a global caliphate under his leadership.

• To isolate themselves from all foreign influence.

What did Al-Afghani believe was the best way for Islamic society to transform and resist Western influence?

• Embracing Western liberal democracy

• Relying on external aid for modernization

• Finding strength and reform within Islamic traditions

• Attacking religion to promote secularism

What type of government did Liang Qichao believe was necessary for China to stand up to Western influence?

• A liberal democracy

• A strong, authoritarian state

• A decentralized federal system

• A communist government

What was a key criticism Mahatma Gandhi had about Western modernism?

• It promoted too much spiritual freedom

• It lacked spiritual freedom and social harmony

• It was too focused on traditional values

• It encouraged excessive democracy

According to Rabindranath Tagore, what was a fundamental flaw of modern Western civilization?

• Its emphasis on spiritual wisdom

• Its focus on community bonds

• Its foundation on the cult of money and power

• Its rejection of scientific advancement