What is the primary role of index fossils in geology?

• To identify the types of animals that lived in a specific region.

• To determine the absolute age of Earth.

• To help determine the age of other fossils and rock in the same sedimentary layer.

• To predict future geological events.

According to the Law of Superposition, how are rock layers arranged?

• Younger layers are found beneath older layers.

• Older layers are found beneath younger layers.

• Layers are randomly distributed without any age pattern.

• The age of layers can only be determined by their color.

What did William "Strata" Smith observe about fossils in different rock layers?

• All rock layers contain the same types of fossils.

• Each rock layer contains a unique set of fossils distinct from other layers.

• Fossils are only found in the deepest rock layers.

• Fossils are not useful for determining the age of rock layers.

If the same type of index fossil is found in the same rock layer at two geographically separate locations, what can be concluded?

• The two locations were once connected.

• The fossils are from different time periods.

• The rock layers at both locations are approximately the same age.

• The fossils are not useful for dating the rock layers.

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What is the primary purpose of an index fossil?

• To identify the type of rock in which it is found.

• To determine the age of other fossils and rocks in the same sedimentary layer.

• To indicate the presence of ancient marine environments.

• To show the evolutionary lineage of a species.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an index fossil?

• Distinctive and easily recognizable.

• Globally widespread.

• Abundant in number.

• Lived for a very long geological period.

What is a key reason why marine animals are more likely to be preserved as fossils compared to land animals?

• Marine animals have harder body parts that fossilize better.

• Ocean environments provide better conditions for rapid burial in sediment.

• Land animals are more frequently consumed by scavengers.

• Marine animals have a longer lifespan, allowing more time for fossilization.

How is it possible to find marine index fossils, such as trilobites, on top of mountains like Mount Everest?

• Ancient marine animals migrated to high altitudes before fossilizing.

• Plate tectonics caused ancient ocean floors to be uplifted into mountain ranges.

• Glacial movements transported marine fossils from oceans to mountains.

• Volcanic eruptions brought deep-sea fossils to the surface.