Primary and Secondary Ecological succession

What is the primary distinguishing factor between primary and secondary ecological succession?

• The type of animals present

• The presence or absence of soil at the beginning of the process

• The climate of the affected area

• The speed at which the ecosystem recovers

Which organisms are typically the first to colonize an area during primary ecological succession and contribute to soil formation?

• Deer and other large mammals

• Trees and shrubs

• Mosses and lichens

• Insects and worms

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How do lichens facilitate soil formation during primary ecological succession?

• They provide shade for other plants to grow

• They secrete toxins that break down rocks

• They attract animals that bring in seeds

• They absorb water, preventing erosion

Which of the following scenarios is an example of secondary ecological succession?

• Life forming on a newly created volcanic island

• An ecosystem developing on rock exposed by a receding glacier

• A forest regrowing after a small forest fire

• Organisms colonizing a completely barren, new landmass