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WorksheetsAP final part 2
Total questions: 35
Worksheet time: 18mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Danny’s skill at hitting a baseball gradually improves as his attempts produce more frequent & longer-distance hits. This is an example of:
a)
Shaping
b)
Stimulus generalization
c)
Extinction
d)
Stimulus discrimination
2.
Micah really enjoyed his mom’s homemade apple pie, and he would have a huge slice every time she baked it. When he went to visit a friend, he tried a piece of apple pie that his friend’s mom had made. Unfortunately, it was terrible. Now Micah will only eat his mom’s apple pie; if anyone else offers him a piece of pie he politely turns them down. Micah’s behavior toward apple pie illustrates the concept of:
a)
Stimulus discrimination
b)
Stimulus generalization
c)
Noncontingent reinforcement
d)
Observational learning
3.
Assuming that the reinforcer is the sound of a rattle, Johnny’s shaking of the rattle is reinforced according to which of the following schedules?
a)
Continuous
reinforcement
b)
Fixed-interval
c)
Variable-interval
d)
Variable-ratio
4.
Negative reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.
a)
Increases; decreases
b)
Decreases; increases
c)
Decreases; decreases
d)
Increases; does not affect
5.
The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be the one that was:
a)
Reinforced every time it occurred
b)
Shaped
c)
Reinforced
intermittently
d)
Reinforced by your parents
6.
The newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their “watching” reinforced on:
a)
A fixed-ratio schedule
b)
A variable-ratio schedule
c)
A fixed-variable schedule
d)
A fixed-interval schedule
7.
When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler’s side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case:
a)
The dog treats were negative
reinforcers for staying close
b)
Staying close was a positive
reinforcer for receiving dog treats
c)
Staying close was a negative
reinforcer for receiving dog treats
d)
The dog treats were
positive reinforcers for staying close
8.
Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a:
a)
Negative reinforcer
b)
Positive reinforcer
c)
Punisher
d)
Vicarious conditioner
9.
Learning that takes place by watching another person is referred to as:
a)
Operant conditioning
b)
Noncontingent learning
c)
Observational learning
d)
Classical conditioning
10.
______ is to operant conditioning as ______ is to classical conditioning.
a)
Skinner; Pavlov
b)
Bandura; Pavlov
c)
Pavlov; Skinner
d)
Pavlov; Thorndike
11.
Jessica’s mother was upset to find that Jessica had used her crayons to draw flowers on her bedroom wall. Her mother took the crayons away and made Jessica wash the drawings off of the wall. Which of the following best describes Jessica’s punishment?
a)
Punishment by application
b)
Punishment by removal
c)
Punishment by both
application and removal
d)
Punishment by negative
reinforcement
12.
Wolfgang Kohler determined that his chimpanzee’s two-stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight learning because it was:
a)
Intelligent
b)
Sudden and rapid
c)
The result of trial-and-error
d)
Arrived at after a long period of
time
13.
Which of the following scenarios illustrates a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?
a)
Receiving a paycheck every two
weeks
b)
Holding regular, but
unpredictable, fire drills
c)
Earning a prize for every five
books read in the library’s summer reading program
d)
Receiving five additional
vacation days for each year of employment at a company
14.
In Edward Tolman’s maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after the tenth day of the study solved the maze far more quickly that did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats:
a)
Were much smarter than the other
rats
b)
Had already learned the
maze in the first nine days
c)
Had the opportunity to cheat by
watching the other rats
d)
Were very hungry, and therefore, learned much
more quickly
15.
The sentence “blue jeans wear false smiles” has correct __________ but incorrect __________.
a)
Morphemes; phonemes
b)
Phonemes; morphemes
c)
Semantics; syntax
d)
Syntax; semantics
16.
The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:
a)
We generalize our views to other,
nonrepresentativeness heuristics
b)
The representativeness algorithm does not match the
representativeness heuristic
c)
Possible variations in the
prototype are considered
d)
We fail to consider the approximate number of
prototypes that actually exist
17.
Dr. Mendoza is studying the mental strategies people use when solving problems. Dr. Mendoza is clearly a(n):
a)
Cognitive psychologist
b)
Experimental psychologist
c)
Organizational psychologist
d)
Developmental psychologist
18.
A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Concept
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
19.
Experts in a given field prefer heuristics to algorithms because heuristics:
a)
Guarantee solutions to problems
b)
Prevent mental sets
c)
Often save time
d)
Prevent fixation
20.
If we know that all dogs have tails, and thus poodles must have tails, we are demonstrating ___________ reasoning.
a)
Determined
b)
Deductive
c)
Insight
d)
Inductive
21.
The conjunction fallacy is a tendency to:
a)
Draw general
conclusions based on a few isolated cases
b)
Overestimate
the odds of a chance event if that event hasn’t occurred recently
c)
Underestimate
the odds of a chance event if that event hasn’t occurred recently
d)
Believe
that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the
odds of either event happening alone
22.
Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:
a)
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical
reasoning
b)
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the
basis on which they were formed has been discredited
c)
Search randomly through
alternative solutions when problem solving
d)
Look for information
that is consistent with one’s beliefs
23.
A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to:
a)
Accept as logical those
conclusions that agree with our own opinions
b)
Accept as logical those
conclusions that disagree with our own opinions
c)
Underestimate the accuracy of our
knowledge
d)
Accept as logical those conclusions that involve
unfamiliar concepts
24.
Mental sets and functional fixedness are types of:
a)
Algorithms
b)
Heuristics
c)
Fixation
d)
Insight
25.
A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:
a)
Availability heuristic
b)
Availability algorithm
c)
Representativeness heuristic
d)
Representativeness algorithm
26.
The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is later used is:
a)
Encoding – retrieval – storage
b)
Encoding – storage –
retrieval
c)
Storage – retrieval – acquisition
d)
Acquisition – encoding –
retrieval
27.
Jorge listens attentively to the State of the Union Address and translates the information into new memories. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Jorge is able to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time is:
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Retrieval
d)
Priming
28.
Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is:
a)
Encoding
b)
Retrieval
c)
Storage
d)
Chunking
29.
Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: “dog, pail and hate.” Later, she recalled these words as: “dig, paint, and hard.” Kiana’s error in recall suggests that she had encoded the original word list:
a)
Phonemically
b)
Structurally
c)
Semantically
d)
Implicitly
30.
A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called:
a)
A structural code
b)
A phonemic code
c)
A semantic code
d)
A morphemic code
31.
Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: “dog, pail and hate.” Later, he recalled these words as: “log, whale and late.” Xavier’s error in recall suggests that he had encoded the original word list:
a)
Phonemically
b)
Structurally
c)
Semantically
d)
Retroactively
32.
Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?
a)
Knowing how to ride a
bicycle
b)
Multiplying 2 times 4
c)
Knowing the name of an
acquaintance
d)
Thinking back on the first day of
school
33.
Which type of memory can a person use to keep the flow of conversation going by allowing the person to remember what was just said?
a)
Iconic memory
b)
Echoic memory
c)
Procedural memory
d)
Network memory
34.
Elaboration involves:
a)
The creation of visual images to
represent words
b)
Decreasing the complexity of the
material to be remembered
c)
Forming two kinds of memory code
for each word
d)
Linking a stimulus to
other information at the time of encoding
35.
Karina is given a list of words to memorize so she forms a mental image for each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, however, he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a test of memory:
a)
Both Karina and Calvin will
recall the same number of words
b)
Karina will recall more
words than Calvin
c)
Calvin will recall more words
than Karina
d)
Karina is more likely to make
“look-alike” errors in recall
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