The parental generation. Mendel used purebred pea plants as this generation.

A chart that shows all the possible ways alleles can combine in a genetic cross.

The dominant alleles are expressed with a capital letter and the recessive alleles with a lowercase letter. For example: Dominant- T : Recessive- t.

A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.

This occurs in the mitochondria, the glucose molecule is broken down even more, this part requires a large amount of energy, or ATP.

When the glucose molecule gets broken down into smaller parts, in the cytoplasm. There is no oxygen required, and very little energy.

A waxy, waterproof layer that helps with water loss.

A system of tubelike structures inside a plant which water, minerals, and food move.

Fern's leaves

Tiny structures that contain cells that will eventually become sperm cells.

A seed plant that produces naked seeds

A seed plant that produces flowers as well as seeds inclosed in fruit

A seed leaf that provides food for the embryo

Angiosperms that have only one seed leaf

Angiosperms that produce seeds with two seed leaves

Sphagnum moss that grows in bogs, dies and then it's layers compressed over time to form peat. Peat can be used as a fuel.

A plant that does not contain vascular tissue.

Thin, root-like structures that anchor moss and absorb water as well as nutrients.

Plants that contain vascular tissue.

The vascular tissue through which food moves.

The vascular tissue through which water and minerals travel.

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria.

A plant's food-making process that uses sunlight to provide energy for the plant.

A plant's food-making process that uses sunlight to provide energy for the plant.

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism.

The structures in which food is made.

A large storage sac that can expand and shrink.

Small change over time within a species.

Large change over time across a species.

This occurs when a group of individuals remains isolated from their species long enough to evolve different traits.

A group of similar organisms that can mate  with each other and produce fertile offspring (reproducible).

K-P-C-O-F-G-S

The preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past (imprint/mold).

The gradual change in a species over time.

A well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations.

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive than other members of the same species.

Any difference between a species over time.

Only genes can be acted upon by natural selection - No natural selection without variations (Mutations).

Evidence for Evolution.

Scientists can use fossils to infer the structures of ancient organisms.

A diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related.

Comparing early development of these organisms suggest that these species are related and share a common ancestor.

- Overproduction
- Variation
- Competition
- Selection (Survival of the Fittest)
- Environmental Change

Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor.
-Bone Arrangement Similarity Proof

Compound that are made of mostly carbon, hydrogen, and some oxygen

Large organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and in some cases sulfur

Cellular Organization
Energy Use
Chemical Make-up
Response
Growth, Development, Reproduction

Cellular Organization

Energy Use

Chemical make-up

Response

Living Characteristics

Sac - like organelles that contain substances that break down larger food particles into smaller ones

Captures energy from sunlight and changes it to a form of energy that cells can use

A type of sac that stores water, food, or other materials needed by the cell

Receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell or to the outside of the cell

Contains genetic materials, instructions for cell functions

Protects the content of the nucleus

Where ribosomes are made in the nucleus

An organelle with a network of membranes that produce many substances

Fills in the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Small grain-shaped organelles that produce proteins

Tiny cell structures that carry out specific function within a cell

The cell's control center, directing all of the cell's activities

Controls which substances pass in and out of a cell

A rigid layer that surrounds the cells of palnt and some other organisms

Cell Theory

An instrument that makes small items looks larger

The basic units of structure and function within an organism

The shortest difference between two points on a specimen that can be distinguished by the observer or camera system as separate entities

Microscopes that use light in the vicinity of it to magnify images

A group of proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things

Very long organic molecules that contain the instructions that cells need to carry out all functions of life, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring

The shape of a DNA molecule

This means that some substances can cross the membrane while others cannot

The movement of dissolved molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

The movement of materials across a cell membrane using cellular energy

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

The process in which the cell membrane changes shape and engulfs a particle

A process that allows large particles to leave a cell

An individual plant, animal, fungi, or protist / single-celled life form

Single-celled organisms like bacteria

Organisms that are composed of many cells

The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism build up and breaks down materials

A change in an organism's surrounding that causes the organism to react.

The process of change that occurs during an organism's life, producing a more complex organism

This only involves one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent

Involves two parents and combines their genetic material to produce an organism tat differs from both parents

The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources

An experiment in which all factors are constant except for one variable that is call the manipulated variable

Organisms that can make their own food

Organisms that cannot make their own food and they obtain energy by feeding off of other organisms

The maintenance of stable internal conditions

The process of grouping things based on their similarities

The scientific study of how organisms are classified

Each organism was given a unique two part name, and this system was created by Carolus Linnaeus

The 1^st word in an organisms scientific name. This classification grouping contains similar, closely related organisms

A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other that can produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce - 2nd word

The more classification levels two organisms share the more characteristics they have in common, and the more closely they are related

Domain - Dude
Kingdom - Key
Phylum - Padlock
Class - Copper
Order - One
Family - Frank
Genus - Gave
Species - Sally

A series of paired statements that describe various physical characteristics of different organisms

Domains

Based on their cell type, ability to make food, and the number of cells in their bodies

The genetic meterials of cells, the chemical instructions that cells need to carry out the functions of life

A dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids. In prokaryotes, nucleic acids are not contained within the nucleus

Organisms with cells that contain nuclei

- Prokaryotes
- Auto + Heterotrophs
- All around humans

Unicellular organisms who cells lack a nucleus

- Prokaryotes
- Auto + Heterotrophs
- Can be found in extreme environments

Classified into one of the following four kingdoms, animals, protists, plants, or fungi

Any eukaryote that can;t be classified as a fungus, plant, or animal
- Uni + Multicellular
- Auto + Heterotrophs

Types are mushrooms, molds, mildew, and yeast

Types are dandelions, peas, and marsh grass

Types are a dog, flea, and cat

The two people who disapproved of spontaneous generation were Louis Pasteur and Francesco Redi