The demographic transition model suggests that as countries industrialize
A. in-migration increases over time.
b. life expectancy decreases over time.
c. fertility rates increase over time.
d. birth and death rates decrease over time.

3. The fist stage of the demographic transition model indicates that
a. total population is low and constant withhigh birth rates and low death rates.
b. total population is low and constant with high birth rates and high death rates.
c. total population is low and constant with low birth rates and high death rates.
d. total population is low and constant with low birth rates and low death rates.

Which of the following is not a contributing factor to the low birth rates in stage four of the demographic
transition model?
a. less dependence on child labor
b. availability of health care
c. reliance on subsistence agriculture
d. increased sanitation

According to Thomas Malthus’s population theory, which of the following a preventative check on
population?
a. famine
b. moral restraint
c. disease
d. disaster

Which of the following population control examples did Thomas Malthus support?
a. the upper class utilizing moral restraint tolimit family size
b. relocating cities and towns away fromstagnant pools and marshy lands topromote better health among citizens
c. the upper class paying additional taxes to fund family planning and cleanlinesseducation for the lower class
d. widening city streets in low-income neighborhoods to reduce overcrowding and the spread of disease

Which of the following countries contains three megacities, the most of any nation?
a. Brazil
b. India
c. United States
d. Mexico

China’s one-child policy is an example of what theory?
a. maximum population theory
b. select population theory
c. ideal population theory
d. optimum population theory

Which of the following is not a result of overpopulation?
a. squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro
b. overcrowding in Mumbai
c. low unemployment rates in Tokyo
d. lack of access to food in Manila

10. Which of the following regions has the highest rate of natural increase?
a. Sub-Saharan Africa
b. Europe
c. North America
d. Russia Domain

Arithmetic population density can be calculated by
a. total land area multiplied by total population.
b. total population minus total population.
c. total land area minus total population.
d. total population divided by total land
area.

In the United States, suburbanization increased in the 1960s and resulted in which of the following?
a. Loss of tax base and increased povertyrates in city centers
b. High unemployment rates in the suburbsas jobs remained downtown
c. Renovation of city centers and increasedemployment opportunities
d. increased use of public transportation

Commercial farming led to what 20th-century population change in North America?
a. Urban decentralization
b. Rural-to-urban migration
c. The growth of the Sunbelt
d. The “black exodus” from the South

Which of the following cities is an example of urban primacy?
a. Los Angeles
b. Moscow
c. Buenos Aires
d. Rome

The population of developed nations can be described as having
a. higher fertility rates than underdeveloped countries.
b. lower natural increase than underdeveloped countries.
c. higher crude death rates than underdeveloped countries.
d. lower life expectancy rates than underdeveloped countries.

Between 1990 and 1999, population increased in the United States due primarily to which factor?
a. Increased immigration
b. Decreased death rate
c. Decreased emigration
d. Increased fertility rates

Food availability, which can control population size, is an example of a
a. control factor.
b. limiting factor.
c. supply factor.
d. managing factor.

In general, which of the following is true about carrying capacity and population?
a. Above carrying capacity, population size increases.
b. Below carrying capacity, population size decreases.
c. Above carrying capacity, population size decreases.
d. Below carrying capacity, population size remains constant.

In order for doubling time to be accurately predicted, which of the following assumptions must be true?
a. That the population growth rate fluctuates annually
b. That the population growth rate is increasing over a long period of time
c. That the population growth rate is decreasing annually
d. That the population growth rate is constant over a long period of time

The age-specific fertility rate (ASFR) among women in the United States from 1955 to 1995 indicates that
a. women are having more children and starting families earlier in life.
b. women are having fewer children and starting families later in life.
c. women are having more children and starting families later in life.
d. there is no change in timing or child birthrates during this time period.

For an emigrant, war in his or her homeland is an example of a
a. push factor.
b. force factor.
c. draw factor.
d. driving factor.

Baby booms are generally associated with
a. periods of economic hardship.
b. increased number of women in the
workforce.
c. increased education of women. e. times of war.
d. periods of economic prosperity.

The primary purpose of demographic data is to
a. predict future migration patterns of a population.
b. identify when a population will reach its carrying capacity.
c. describe the characteristics of a population.
d. calculate population decline of a population.

A high dependency ratio suggests that a large percentage of the population is
a. between 14 and 64 years old.
b. under 14 years old and over 65 years old.
c. 65 years or older.
d. between 1 and 64 years old.

Which of the following is true regarding older populations in developed countries?
a. Men tend to outlive women.
b. Older men are less likely to be married
than older women.
c. Older populations vote less than younger populations.
d. The majority of older people are women.

Which of the following countries has the lowest life expectancy at birth?
a. Zimbabwe
 b. Switzerland
c. Japan
d. Canada

The act of migrants sending money to family in their home country
a. alimony.
b. remittance.
c. allowance.
d. restitution.

Generation X, which is a group of individuals all born within a defined time interval, is an example of a(n)
a. unit.
b. brigade.
c. cohort.
d. division.

Which of the following regions experiences the highest diffusion of fertility control?
a. Europe
b. Middle East
c. Russian Domain
d. North America

A population continuing to grow following a fertility decline due to the large percentage of young people is
known as
a. demographic thrust.
 b. demographic force.
c. demographic pull.
d. demographic momentum.

Influenza is an example of which type of disease diffusion?
a. network
b. contagious
c. relocation
d. mixed

The term ecumene refers to
a. the amount of time it takes a population to double in size.
b. the distribution of goods and services within a population.
c. the amount of land that is built on and the amount of land not developed yet.
d. the number of farmers per unit of area of farmland.

Neo-Malthusian theory builds on Malthus’s overpopulation theory by considering which two additional
factors?
a. Population growth of underdeveloped countries and the outstripping of other resources beyond food.
b. Population decline of developed countries and the outstripping of other resources beyond food.
c. Population growth of underdeveloped countries and the invention of new  technologies to provide necessary resources.
d. Population decline of developed countries and the invention of new technologies to provide necessary resources.

A nomadic tribe that migrates seasonally to follow the availability of plants and game is an example of
a. repeated migration.
b. temporary movement.
c. chain migration.
d. cyclic movement.

The gravity model predicts
a. the number of people a city can support with available resources.
b. periods of population explosion in a certain geographic region.
c. the rate at which intercontinental migration occurs. 
d. the movement of people, goods, and ideas between two locations based on size and distance.

The seasonal migration of livestock between lowlands and mountains is termed
a. step migration.
b. transhumance.
c. transmigration.
d. interregional migration.

A husband migrates from Mexico to the United States and earns money to allow for his family to follow him
to the United States. This is an example of
a. chain migration.
b. internal migration.
c. forced migration.
d. interregional migration.

Which of the following is true regarding fertility differentials in the United States in 2000?
a. Metropolitan areas experience higher rates of fertility than rural areas.
b. Women aged 16-20 have the highest fertility rates of any age group.
c. Fertility rates are highest among low-income groups.
d. Hispanic women have lower fertility rates than white women.

To compensate for growing populations, undeveloped countries have tried to raise crop yields by
a. decreased irrigation.
b. finding new land to farm.
c. using manure instead of chemical fertilizers.
d. planting genetically modified plants.

Which regions have the fewest freshwater resources per capita?
a. Latin America and the Caribbean
b. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
c. Europe and Central Asia
d. Middle East and North Africa

Which of the following countries has the least arable land per capita?
a. Canada
b. Kazakhstan
c. Argentina
d. China

The process where voting districts are spatially altered to favor one political party over another is
known as
a. repositioning.
b. packing.
c. gerrymandering.
d. riding.

The Homestead Act of 1862, which governed the initial settlement of the Great
Plains, resulted in which rural population spatial pattern?
a. random
b. unsystematic
c. clustered
d. uniform

Factors that prevent a species from reproducing at its maximum rate are known
as environmental
a. fecundity.
b. limits.
c. fertility.
d. resistance.

The maximum reproductive capacity of a population is known as
a. sterility.
b. fecundity.
c. fertility.
d. prolific.

Population distribution that is evenly spread over a landscape typically in low densities is called
a. concentrated distribution.
b. condensed distribution.
c. dispersed distribution.
d. diluted distribution.

Gross National Product (GNP) per capita is the
a. total value of produced goods and services of a country in one year divided by the total number of people living in the country.
b. total number of people living in the country minus the total value of produced goods and services of a country in one year.
c. total value of produced goods and services of a country in one year multiplied by the total number of people living in the country.
d. total value of produced goods and services of a country in one year minus the total number of people living in the country.

A person, typically 20-35 years old, who leaves his or her home country to work in another country is known
as a
a. guest worker.
b. interim worker.
c. temporary worker.
d. provisional laborer.

The rule of 70 refers to
a. the goal life expectancy for developing countries.
b. the literacy rate in developed countries.
c. the percentage of people living above extreme poverty levels.
d. the approximate amount of time it takes for the population to double.

Which of the following is an example of a choropleth map?
a. A map with distorted areas that reflect varying Gross National Products and not the size and shape of the country.
b. A population map that uses dots to represent population density.
c. a birth-rate map that uses different colors to represent countries with varying birthrates.
d. A crop yield map that uses isolines to connect areas with the same crop yields.

Malaria, which is present in many populations living in tropical or subtropical regions, is an example
of a(n)
a. epidemic.
b. prosodemic.
c. endodermic.
d. endemic.

Which of the following is true regarding standard of living?
a. Standard of living indicates the percentage of the population that is malnourished.
b. Standard of living can trace development of a country.
c. Standard of living reflects the age distribution of a country.
d. Standard of living is a direct result of the literacy rate of a country.

A J-curve on a population graph indicates
a. exponential population growth.
b. quadratic function.
c. cyclical population growth.
d. linear population growth.

Which of the following is true regarding least developed countries (LDC) and most developed countries
(MDC)?
a. LDC have lower infant mortality rates than MDC.
b. Economies of MDC have more reliance on agricultural production than LDC.
c. LDC have higher standards of living than MDC.
d. MDC have lower illiteracy rates than LDC.

A factor that persuades an immigrant to settle en route to his or her planned destination is called a(n)
a. interfering factor.
b. interceding factor.
c. intervening opportunity.
d. disrupting opportunity.

A country that has high development levels, innovation capacity, and a
convergence of trade flows is known as a(n)
a. interior country.
b. primary country.
c. central country.
d. core country.

Panama is classified as a periphery country due to which of the following
factors?
a. Panama is a least developed country and has a low Gross National Product.
b. Panama is considered a frontier that is sparsely populated.
c. Panama has a geographic location far from the Old World countries.
d. Panama has many port and trade routes that enable a high flow of goods and services.

Which of the following is not one of Ravenstein’s migration laws?
a. Most migration is rural to urban.
b. Most international migrants are young
women.
c. Migrants traveling long distances will likely settle in a big city.
d. Most migration is step migration.

In 1997, Pakistan and the United Kingdom experienced the two-way nature of migration. Which of the
following is true regarding that migration pattern?
a. The migration in both ways was equal.
b. The migration to the UK was the
counter migration.
c. More people migrated from Pakistan to the UK.
d. The migration to Pakistan was the dominant migration.

All of the following are examples of forced migration EXCEPT
a. the Trail of Tears in the early 19th century.
b. the Irish Potato Famine from 1846 to 1850.
c. the Atlantic slave trade. 
d. the California gold rush in the mid-19th century.

The phenomenon where educated men aged 20-25 are more likely to migrate
than other groups is an example of
a. uneven migration.
b. disproportionate migration.
c. irregular migration.
d. differential migration.

Which of the following is true regarding emigration?
a. Emigration results in an influx of talented people in underdeveloped countries.
b. Emigration can speed up development in underpopulated areas.
c. Emigration reduces the pressure on land in overpopulated areas.
d. Emigration can increase culture diversity.

The practice of harvesting crops twice a year, thus resulting in poor soil quality,
is known as
a. double cropping.
b. duplicate planting.
c. repeat planting.
d. twofold cropping.

Several families living close together in multiple houses surrounded by farms is
termed
a. clustered.
b. bundled.
c. dispersed.
d. nucleated.

A refugee is defined as a person
a. who willingly left his or her homeland for better opportunities in another country.
b. who was forced to leave his or her homeland due to war or violence.
c. who illegally resides in a country other than his or her homeland.
d. who was deported from a country back to his or her homeland.

Which of the following is a consequence of zero population growth (ZPG)?
a. higher rates of malnutrition
b. increased fertility rates
c. reduced strain on available resources
d. decreased progress toward development
in least developed countries

Which of the following is not a contributing factor to the rising death rates in India?
a. Decreasing available cropland per person resulting in malnutrition
b. The depletion of aquifers
c. The HIV epidemic
d. Decreased government spending onhealth care

In a developed country, all of the following are likely to lower the rate of natural increase (RNI/NIR) of the
population EXCEPT
a. women gaining political and economic rights.
b. a high rate of immigration.
c. very high divorce rates.
d. a high number of DINK(double-income,
no kids) households.

All of the following are true of the total fertility rate (TFR) equation EXCEPT
a. A large population must have a TFR of 2.1 in order to replace itself.
b. A country with a low TFR may still experience a growing population.
c. The TFR equation calculates average number of children born per woman birthing age (15-45).
d. TFR, like NIR, can be negative.

In which area of the world would countries in stage one of the demographic transition model (if there
were any) most likely be found?
a. Northern Europe
b. East Asia
c. North America
d. Western and southern Africa

All of the following are arguments by neo-Malthusians with regard to future world population growth
EXCEPT
a. global food demand will rise as third-world countries develop.
b. over consumption of other resources like coal and timber will not be sustainable as population increases.
c. technological advancements will likely solve issues of food production and consumption.
d. even if global population numbers level off over the next several decades, a myriad of issues will still confront the world community.

Which of the following might account for the triangle-shaped population graph of the border city of
Brownsville in southern Texas?
a. A large population of retirees moving from colder cities in the northeast
b. Large numbers of Mexican immigrants, causing the graph to be similar to that of Mexico
c. A large college-age population
d. A much larger population of men than women

Migration in which people move to a series of increasingly more economically advantageous locations is referred to as
a. step migration.
b. periodic movement.
c. forced migration.
d. demographic transition.

All of the following are potential pull factors for immigration EXCEPT
a. access to health-care services.
b. access to electricity and utilities.
c. the high cost of land.
d. entertainment options like television and
sports.

Which of the following best describes the general direction that the population center of the United States has
moved since 1790?
a. North and east
b. North and west
c. South
d. West and south

All of the following are true of physiologic density EXCEPT
a. unlike arithmetic density, physiologic density calculates the number of people per unit of farmland.
b. physiologic density is useful in determining the sustainability of a population in a given region.
c. countries like Iraq, Egypt, and Uzbekistan have high physiologic densities because the amount of arable land is low.
d. a country with high physiologic density must also have a high arithmetic density.

Chronic diseases are more common today than in the past in developed countries due to
a. better health care.
b. population decline.
c. longer life expectancies.
d. increased access to clean water.

All of the following accurately reflect the attitudes of Thomas Malthus toward the poor EXCEPT
a. wealthy people giving money to the poor would deprive the world of culture and refinement.
b. a surplus population of poor people was necessary to provide a stable workforce.
c. preventative checks were not enough to control the population of the poor.
d. left unchecked, the population of poor people would be ultimately limited by famine.