After the death of this man, The Liberators’ Civil War was fought in Macedonia. This man introduced the concept of leap years in his namesake calendar, and he claimed “The die is cast” before crossing the Rubicon river. This man won the Battle of Alesia, a victory over Vercingetorix. Name this Roman Emperor who legendarily asked, “Et tu, Brute?” while being assassinated on the Ides of March

This city is located in the Desert of Paran, where Allah created the Zamzam Well for Hajar and Ismail. The Black Stone is set in silver in this city’s Kaaba around which pilgrims walk during the Hajj, and toward which Muslims face when praying. Name this Islamic holy city, the birthplace of Muhammad.

An attempt to cross a border in this modern­ day city led to a standoff at its Checkpoint Charlie. This modern­ day city underwent a period in which it was partially shared by British, French, and American forces. While giving a speech concerning this city, Ronald Reagan said “tear down this wall!” Name this city, which was once divided into two halves by a Soviet Union constructed wall.

One of these musical works opens its Andante movement with fifteen and a half bars of soft theme followed by a sudden loud chord. Another of these works was originally dedicated to Napoleon, and is nicknamed Eroica [ay­ROH­ih­kah]. A (*) "short­short­short long" motif opens one of these long musical pieces written by Beethoven. Name this four­movement genre of music exemplified by Haydn's [HY­din’s] Surprise, and Beethoven's Fifth.

A couple in this short story discuss shortening the name “Dillingham” to “D” on their letterbox. A character in this story pays twenty ­one dollars for a platinum chain after Madame Sofronie cuts her hair. Della sells her (*) hair to buy a watch fob and Jim sells his watch to buy combs in, what O. Henry short story about ironic Christmas gifts?

This disease is caused by the variola virus, and the major symptom of this illness include fluid­ filled macules that blister, forming scars. Dr Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine against this disease by studying a related illness in milkmaids. This disease was declared eradicated in 1979. Name this infectious disease that killed many natives of the Americas and was probably a mutated form of cowpox.

This god fathered Rhadamanthus, Minos, and the three Graces. This god’s son Orion was accidentally killed by this god’s daughter Artemis. He sewed his unborn son (*) Dionysus into his thigh until he was ready to be born. This god was the father of Heracles, a fact that angered this god’s wife, Hera. For 10 points, name this philandering Greek king of the gods.

Fiber optic cables use the “total internal” type of this phenomenon, which can be either “specular” or “diffuse,” which happens when this phenomenon occurs in an irregular material, such as the surface of water. Name this phenomenon, which happens when light bounces off a surface, such as a mirror.

This man was forced to surrender Fort Necessity, which led to the Braddock expedition. This general was criticized by Thomas Conway after failing to defend against the Philadelphia Campaign, and he surprised Hessian soldiers at the Battle of Trenton after he crossed the Delaware River. Name this first President of the United States.

In this literary work, Hrunting is loaned to the title warrior, who defeats a dragon with Wiglaf’s help. This epic poem’s title Geat kills an underwater witch after she invades a mead­hall. The King of the Danes, Hrothgar, asks this poem’s protagonist for help in defeating the monstrous Grendel. In what Old English poem is this namesake Viking?

A building in this city, commissioned by Maurice de Sully, includes an early use of flying buttresses and a large rose window. This city contains a glass pyramid designed by I.M. Pei, as well as the Arc de Triomphe , on the right bank of the Seine River . The Louvre , the Notre Dame cathedral, and the Eiffel Tower are in, what capital city of France?

This object may have been created because of a collision with the ancient planet Theia. This astronomical object is in synchronous orbit around its planet, and contains plains known as “marias”, which include the Sea of Tranquility. Name this satellite of Earth, which was walked on by Neil Armstrong.

In a play in this language, a chorus of frogs sing “bre­ke­ke­kax, ko­ax, ko­ax.” This language was used for The Clouds and The Birds, two works of ancient comic theater. Writers in this language include Aristophanes, Sophocles, and Euripides. Name this language used by playwrights from Athens

This actor plays a man who acts out scenes from Road House to entertain a debate watch party. This actor portrayed a wildlife specialist on Isla Nublar who helps Zach and Gray survive, and this man pilots Milano and receives “Awesome Mix, Vol 1” from his dying mother in his role as Star­Lord. Name this actor who played Andy on Parks and Rec and velociraptor trainer Owen Grady in Jurassic World.

While aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln, this man gave a speech while a banner reading “mission accomplished” hung in the background. This president was criticized for continuing to read “My Pet Goat” after he was informed of an attack on the World Trade Center. Name this President of the United States who declared war after the September 11th attacks.

This continent’s Snowy Mountains contain its highest point, Mount Kosciuszko , and its east is split by the Great Dividing Range. This continent contains Ayers Rock, a massive rock formation called Uluru by the Aborigines. The Great Barrier Reef surrounds what island continent?

This type of energy is used by pole­vaulters in its “elastic” form, and multiplying the weight of an object times its height above Earth gives this energy’s “gravitational” type. Name this type of “stored” energy, which a roller coaster converts to kinetic energy at the bottom of a hill?

The repetition of these events causes a condition discovered by Dr. Bennett Omalu called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE, which has been observed in autopsies of professional boxers and football players. Name these mild traumatic brain injuries in which a force causes the brain to strike the skull.

In 1905, this object was kicked into the Rideau Canal. Thankfully, it was during the winter and in Canada, so the canal was frozen over. Identify this bottom­ heavy trophy, named after a Governor General of Canada. This trophy is awarded yearly to the winner of a finals series put on by the National Hockey League.

3. This character has a brief relationship with Amy Lawrence and sees Injun Joe murder Dr Robinson. Identify this character, who gets trapped in McDougal’s Cave with Becky Thatcher.

Cunard Line built this cruise ship that was sunk off the coast of Ireland during World War I in 1915. Despite official statements saying otherwise, this ship was indeed carrying weapons. A German U-boat torpedoed it resulting in the death of 1195 people.

James Thurber wrote a collection of these stories For Our Time, including one about “The Unicorn in the Garden.” Give the term for a story in which anthropomorphic animals or other characters teach a moral lesson. Many of these stories were written by Aesop.

This god of law helped judge the worthiness of the dead by weighing the feather of Ma’at. Name this ibis ­headed Egyptian god of knowledge and magic, who invented writing and settled disputes between the gods.

The first version of this chart included empty spaces for undiscovered elements like “eka­silicon” and “eka­germanium.” Name this scientific chart, which shows elements with similar properties arranged in columns according to the order of their atomic numbers.

Characters in this ballet visit the Land of Snow and the Land of Sweets. Name this ballet in which Herr Drosselmeyer gives the title toy to Clara. This ballet includes the mesmerizing “Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy.”

This is the largest organ, as it surrounds the entire human body. Name this soft covering which contains layers like the dermis. Melanin darkens its coloring, and exposure to UV rays can give this organ sunburn.

This is the outermost layer of skin. It covers the dermis and is connected to it by the basement membrane.

Skin contains this structural protein that gives tendons their elastic quality. Fibroblasts produce this triple­alpha helix protein, the most abundant polypeptide in mammals.

This art movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso a Spanish artist whose work went through Rose and African periods. Name this artistic movement, which focuses on combining multiple viewpoints of an object to create a single abstracted form, and often uses blocky, geometric shapes.

Picasso’s art is generally grouped into periods. This early period of Picasso’s work is more sombre than his Rose period, and includes works like The Old Guitarist. This period is influenced by the death of his best friend.

This Italian island, home to Mount Etna, is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

An increase in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere can cause this weather phenomenon. Name this type of precipitation that causes metal corrosion and the erosion of stone statues, and has a low pH.

Hourly pollution reports issued on Twitter by the US embassy in this country once described its air as “crazy bad.” This Asian country’s air pollution is a result of its many coal­ burning factories and the second ­highest number of cars in the world.

Being an early Christian was risky business. Identify these saints by their deaths, This saint was imprisoned, beaten, and beheaded for providing marriages to Christian couples. This patron saint of love is commemorated on February 14.

The official definition of the meter is based on this constant. Name this constant, symbolized c. This is the fastest that any object in the universe can travel.

Name the following mathematical terms that measure the center of a set of data. Adding all of the values in a set, then dividing by the total number of values, gives you the arithmetic type of this statistic.

In this organ, proper contraction of papillary muscles prevents click­ murmur syndrome. This organ can be examined through EKG, and its myocardium is fed oxygen by coronary arteries. Ventricles and atria make up its four chambers. Name this origin of the aorta, the organ which pumps blood through the body.

One of these institutions was simulated by a Philip Zimbardo experiment at Stanford University, and Jeremy Bentham created an ideal design for this type of building called “Panopticon,” in which a single watchman could observe all of the inmates in one of these places. Name these institutions that hold convicted criminals.

This god’s wife anointed a djed column after finding his body inside it. This god was tricked into entering a coffin by his brother, Set, who threw him into the Nile. This green­ skinned father of Horus was brought back to life by his wife, Isis. Name this Egyptian god, who replaced Anubis as king of the dead.