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WorksheetsUnit 3: Development & Learning
Total questions: 46
Worksheet time: 28mins
In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog’s tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies which of the following was the unconditioned stimulus?
Touch to the body
Vinegar on the tongue
Salivation to the vinegar
Salivation to the touch
Time interval between the touch and the vinegar
Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e.g., those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts?
Biological predispositions
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus discrimination
Stimulus generalization
Observational learning
Which of the following is an example of discrimination learning?
A pigeon trained to peck a red key sometimes pecks an orange key.
A year old calls her aunt “Mommy.”
A dos still salivates to the sound of a bell after ten trials of extinction.
A dog trained to salivate to a particular tone does not salivate to any other tone.
A rat avoids an electric shock by responding to the light that always precedes it.
Whenever Sarah’s mother answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother’s attention and her mother would end the phone conversation. Then Sarah’s mother began ignoring Sarah’s yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way. The change in Sarah’s behavior is an example of:
Discrimination
Response generalization
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Systematic desensitization
Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning?
They remain relatively unchanged from earlier interpretations by people like Edward Thorndike.
They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy.
They are in agreement with the interpretations of behaviorists like B.F. Skinner.
They are primarily based on the theory of contiguity.
They make a clear distinction between long-term and short-term memory.
In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds:
To stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
To stimuli that are similar to the unconditioned stimulus
With different types of responses to neutral stimuli
To the conditioned stimulus the same way as to the unconditioned stimulus
With different types of responses to the unconditioned stimulus
Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelace in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes a knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. Raul’s actions are an example of which of the following techniques?
Modeling
Shaping
Classical conditioning
Negative reinforcement
Rehearsal
Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, which of the following is true?
The praise functions as a positive reinforcer.
The grades function as the stimulus that elicits a response
The praise functions as a generalized stimulus
The school functions as a negative reinforcer
The grades function as a discriminant stimulus
Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur?
Partial reinforcement
A behavioral consequence
A stimulus substitution
Delayed conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Money most often modifies people’s behavior because it is a powerful:
Negative reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Higher-order stimulus
Discriminative stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog’s behavior is an example of which of the following?
An operant response
A discriminative stimulus
An unconditioned response
An unconditioned stimulus
A classically conditioned response
Which classic study forms the basis for social (observational) learning?
John B. Watson ... Little Albert
Ivan Pavlov ... Salivating dogs
B. F. Skinner ... Pigeons
Albert Bandura ... Bobo doll
Thorndike ... Puzzle boxes
When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of:
Latent learning
Partial reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Retroactive interference
Which of the following sets of concepts is central to social learning theory?
Observation, imitation, and modeling
Fixed interval, variable interval, and fixed ratio
Generalization, spontaneous recovery, and discrimination
Acquisition, extinction, and counter-conditioning
Higher-order learning, negative reinforcement, and variable ratio
Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing soccer in hopes of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates:
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Latent learning
Attribution theory
Catharsis
Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?
Latent learning
Observational learning
The over-justification effect
The law of effect
Intermittent reinforcement
A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become:
A primary reinforcer
A conditioned stimulus
A conditioned response
A neutral stimulus
An unconditioned stimulus
To stop his uncle’s constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy’s behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement?
Intermittent
Positive
Negative
Vicarious
Delayed
A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules?
Fixed-interval
Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio
Variable-interval
Continuous
A radio disc-jockey randomly calls a person every day to award them a free ticket. This would be which schedule of reinforcement?
Fixed-ratio
Fixed-interval
Variable-ratio
Variable-interval
Continuous
Which developmental milestone must be reached before an infant experiences separation anxiety?
Imprinting
Theory of mind
Conservation
Egocentrism
Object permanence
Darien’s father dictated who Darien’s friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father’s wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience?
Permissive
Rejecting-neglecting
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Self-regulation
In Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to:
have a tantrum when the mother left the room
express happiness when the mother returned to the room
prevent the mother from leaving the room
try to the play with the stranger when the mother left the room
not notice when the mother returned to the room
Paul and Sally, who met and married in their mid-20s, have been married for 25 years. Their youngest child recently graduated from high school and has left for college. Which of the following is most likely true of this couple?
They are both experiencing a hormone surge.
Sally’s hormones are declining, and Paul’s are surging.
Their marital relationship will not change.
Their marital relationship will decline.
Their marital relationship will improve.
Which of the following is the best example of fluid intelligence?
Reciting the names of all the continents in the world without looking at a map
Identifying the author of a very famous novel
Using cubes to figure out the solution to a previously unseen puzzle
Giving an adequate definition of a difficult word
Recognizing a piece of classical music
Which of the following is more associated with environmental effects than with genetic influence?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Prenatal maturation
Temperament
Rooting reflex
Sequence of motor development
To study differences in the cognitive processing between younger and older adults, Genevieve assessed a group of 30 year olds and a group of 60 year olds using the same cognitive task. She found no significant difference in cognitive processing between the two groups. Which of the following is a true statement that best explains her findings?
Researchers have not documented changes in cognitive ability over the human lifespan.
Genevieve's participants were likely women, who do not decline cognitively as they age.
Genevieve’s task involved semantics memory, which does not typically show decline among people of the ages she tested
Most decline in cognitive ability is associated with dementia, which would not yet have occurred in the participants at age 60
Genevieve’s older participants were most likely taking memory medications that prolong the ability to be proficient in cognitive tasks.
In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research:
controls for cognitive ability
controls for gender
controls for cultural influences
involves subjects of the same age
requires comparatively little time
When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Development psychologists would say that Frances’ behavior indicates that she has developed
centration
conservation
egocentrism
object permanence
accommodation
According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one’s life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage
initiative versus guilt
integrity versus despair
generativity versus stagnation
identity versus role confusion
Intimacy versus isolation
A child’s sex is genetically determined by the
mother
father
paternal grandmother
maternal grandfather
maternal grandmother
The fact that imprinting is most certain to occur if the opportunity for imprinting is presented to the organism at a very specific age indicates the existence of
a schema
a reflex
an archetype
a critical period
an unconscious inference
Primary sex characteristics include which of the following?
Deepened voice in males
Breast development in females
Presence of ovaries
Body hair
Menopause
In Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation?
A newborn touched lightly on the right cheek turns his head to the right.
An infant reaches out toward the moon as if to grasp it.
An infant stops reaching for a toy as soon as it is covered by a cloth.
An infant acquires a fear of heights after learning to crawl.
An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful.
Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Postformal
Concrete operations
Formal operations
Harry Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers?
The amount of time spent with the mother
The mother’s ability to protect the infant from physical harm
The mother’s ability to provide nourishment to the infant
The tactile characteristics of the mother
The particular vocalizations of the mother
When a newborn is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as
rooting
sucking
the patellar reflex
the Moro reflex
the Babinski reflex
A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called
object permanence
equilibrium
functional fixedness
conservation
circular reactions
Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following?
Aggression
Short-term memory
Auditory discrimination
Visual acuity
Pattern matching
Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge?
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
Lev Vygotsky's social cognition learning model
Jean Piaget theory of cognitive development
Mary Ainsworth’s finding from the Strange Situation
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychological development
Of the following cognitive milestones which ability tends to be acquired last?
Telegraphic speech
Use of schemas
Object permanence
Hypothetical thinking
Assimilation
When parents set flow controls on their children’s television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as
permissive
authoritative
authoritarian
rejecting-neglecting
pessimistic
Gender typing is best described as
the realization that gender is stable, regardless of superficial behaviors such as dress
a preferential interest of a female child in the attention of the mother
a child showing ambivalence toward both the mother and father
adolescents integrating social, sexual, intellectual, and ethical aspects into a self-identity
the acquisition of the roles associated with distinctions between male and female
Maturation differs from learning in that development changes due to maturation
are relatively independent of environment or environmental factors
follow no predictable pattern
can take place only in an enriched environment
cease after early childhood
require practice
Which of the following did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus role confusion
Intimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus stagnation
Alexandra wants to test her new baby’s Babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to
Stroke her baby’s cheek
Press on her baby’s palm
Turn her baby’s head to one side
Shine a bright light in her baby’s eyes
Stroke the sole of her baby’s foot
