Islamic scholar and mathematician; father of Algebra; popularized the use of Arabic numerals (1,2,3)

Islamic scholar; father of early modern medicine; Canon of Medicine was the basis of medical knowledge; known as Avicenna in Europe

Shah of Persia whose policies of cultural blending led to the Golden Age and the rise of the Safavid Empire

Sect of Islam; Majority of Muslims (85%); believe the leaders of Muslim nation (caliph) should be elected from among those capable of doing job

Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople from the Byzantines

Mughal Emperor; had Taj Mahal built as a tomb/mausoleum for his wife

Sect of Islam; minority of Muslims belong to this group (15%); believed leadership (Caliph duties) should fall to a relative of the Prophet Muhammad

Considered one of the greatest Ottoman sultans; undertook military campaigns that enlarged his realm; oversaw development of law, literature, art, and architecture; known as "the law giver"

Islamic scholar; distinguished between smallpox and measles

Spread religion as well as goods; used coins; kept records