a plantlike organism that consists of algae and fungus

a zone of coniferous trees (evergreen trees that produce cones to hold the seeds and have needles instead of leaves)

the layer of permanently frozen ground that lies beneath the surface soil and rocks

an area

of high elevation away from the coastline

A treeless zone where the ground is permanently frozen, near the Arctic Circle or at high elevations.

Is the Capital and the largest city of Russia

Russian word for Caesar or powerful ruler

at the bottom of society, farm laborers who could be bought and sold along with the land

the mass murder of vast numbers of an ethnic or cultural group

An advocate (supporter) for the type of government where there is no privately owned property, the government owns the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.

a type of prison where large numbers of people who are not soldiers are kept during a war and are usually forced to live in very bad conditions

the mass killing of 6,000,000 European Jews by Germany’s Nazi leaders during World War II

The city in Germany that was split up after World War II. A wall was erected to separate the Western sectors controlled by France, Britain, and America from the Eastern sector controlled by the Soviet Union. The city was reunited after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

was the barrier that surrounded West Berlin and prevented access to it from East Berlin from 1961-1989. It was built by the Soviet Union.

a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics; officially dissolved

December 31, 1991

Another name for the Soviet Union and stands for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

was a brutal dictator of the Soviet Union (from 1924-1953). He ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his reign.

A system where small farms were combined into larger, government owned and controlled farms

The intelligence and internal-security agency of the former Soviet Union, organized in 1954 and responsible for enforcement of security regulations, protection of political leaders, the guarding of borders, and clandestine operations abroad (spies).

the nonviolent conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after World War

During the Cold War, the Soviets began installing missiles in Cuba. This was the closest that we came to war during this period.

The Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis

The President of the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis

the act of killing a prominent (important and well-known) person by surprise attack for political reasons

the President whose policies are credited with helping to end the Cold War with the Soviet Union (with Mikhail Gorbachev)

the leader of the Soviet Union who is credited with helping to end the Cold War with the United States (with Ronald Reagan)

This was a policy Mikhail Gorbachev introduced – it means “openness” to freedoms

This was a policy Mikhail Gorbachev introduced with the goal of reforming the Soviet economy

one of a small group of people who control the government and use it to further their own goals

Who is the current leader of Russia?

Emigrants from Eastern Europe came to the United States to gain _____________ freedom and ____________ opportunity

The ___________ Mountains form the natural boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia

In 1986, one of the world's greatest environmental disasters happened at ____________ in Ukraine

During Vladimir Putin's most recent term as president of Russia, he put laws in place ___________ free Speech.

The Russian __________ is covered in ice year-round