Requires a person to be directly affected by the issues or matters involved in the case for the court to be able to hear and determine the case

Requires a person to know someone who has been affected by the issues or matters involved in the case for the court to be able to hear and determine the case

If you have a vested interest in a case if you have alleged to have been affected by the issue at hand more than another person of the general public and if they seek compensation if you succeed

Requires you to stand for the judge when you arrive in court or when the judge leaves

When the government holds majority of seats in the upper house. This means that the government will easily be able to pass bills.

When the government holds majority of seats in the upper house. This means that the government will have difficulty passing bills.

When the government does not hold majority seats in the upper house. This means that the government will have difficulty passing bills.

When the government does not hold majority seats in the upper house. This means that the government will easily be able to pass bills.

International

Interparty

Domestic

Internal

May make laws ‘along party lines’

May respond to financial incentives

May respond to pressures from business or organisations

May force the courts to act prematurely when they are not in the best position to do so

Cases heard in the same hierarchy

Second case heard in a lower court

Second case heard in a higher court

Material facts are similar

The reason for the decision

The reason for the sentence

Remarks made by the judge in passing

To stand what has already been decided

Reverse

Overrule

Distinguish

Overturn

Reverse

Overrule

Dissaprove

Distinguish

Where judges interpret the words or phrases in an act of court, in order to give the words meaning.

Where judges interpret the words or phrases in an act of parliament, in order to change the words in the act.

Where judges change the words or phrases in an act of parliament, in order to interpret the words in the act.

Where judges interpret the words or phrases in an act of parliament, in order to give the words meaning.

The intention of the act is not clear

The intention of the precedent is not clear

The law is normally written in general terms

There can be difficulty in foreseeing future applications of the act

The reasoning behind the decision forms a precedent

The actual words of the act are not changed, but the ruling adds meaning to the words and is applied in future cases

The interpretation can broaden the act to encompass more circumstances

The actual wording of the act is changed

Where a judge can be reluctant to be proactive with regards to judicial making.

Where a judge can be too proactive with regards to judicial making.

Where a judge needs assistance with regards to judicial making.

Where the judge resigns from their role

Where a judge can be reluctant to be proactive with regards to judicial making. That is, to avoid controversial changes.

Can influence ability of courts to make law because judges who take a conservative approach will not go very far beyond the established law.

Where a judge takes into account a variety of social, political and ethical factors into their interpretation. They are considered to be progressive – taking greater initiative than a conservative judge.

The idea that courts should show restraint or caution when making decisions that could lead to significant changes in the law.

Political pressures

The role of the houses of parliament

The representative nature of parliament

The role of the courts in law making