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WorksheetsChapter 19 Reading Review
Total questions: 86
Worksheet time: 44mins
Beginning in the 1850s and accelerating in the late nineteenth century, the spread of railroads in the United States spurred the growth of
suburbs.
crime.
skyscrapers.
nightlife.
What allowed engineers and planners in the second half of the nineteenth century to develop a new urban geography in the United States?
New technologies
The upsurge in immigration
Europe's decline
A gradual change in climate
The nation's first electric trolley car system was built in which American city?
New York
Boston
Richmond
Philadelphia
Why did big cities in the United States become sites of manufacturing as well as finance and trade after the Civil War?
There were now enough immigrants in urban areas to work in factories.
City governments had begun to welcome factories for their property taxes.
The high skills demanded in new manufacturing could only be found in cities.
Steam engines allowed factory operators to move away from water-driven power.
How did adoption of steam power change manufacturing in the middle and late nineteenth century?
By moving it to rural areas
By vastly expanding scale
By calling for more skilled laborers
By raising costs
Which city was the first to build an underground railroad line?
Richmond
Chicago
New York
Boston
Why were skyscrapers an impetus to urban development?
They made it possible to crowd more work and living space into a given area.
They were cheap to build because of the falling cost of steel.
They gave a city a unique skyline that helped identify it.
They became home to huge factories that employed growing numbers of city residents.
How did Henry Huntington expand the suburban ideal in southern California in the early twentieth century?
He drew on his strong political ties to Los Angeles city government.
He used his family's fortune to buy up real estate and subdivide it into lots.
He engineered a new form of mass production in housing
He was an urban planner who inspired the "City Beautiful" movement.
How did the development of outlying suburbs in the middle and late nineteenth century change the social structure of cities?
By separating well-off suburbanites from working-class urbanites
By forcing the poor to live in far-flung suburbs and rely on commuting to get to work
By making suburbs predominantly female and cities largely male
By segregating African Americans into outlying suburbs
What was the key to the successful building of skyscrapers in American cities in the late nineteenth century?
Redwood timber, which was stronger than traditional pine
Machinery that could dig very deep foundations
New designs that transferred all loads to the outside walls
An interior skeleton made of manufactured steel beams
What distinguished the new "vertical aesthetic" of the Chicago school in the late nineteenth century?
Numerous and highly decorative window frames
Flat roofs that created a more imposing appearance
Designs that expressed rather than masked structure and function
Designs that reminded viewers of soaring Gothic cathedrals
Which technological innovation transformed urban nightlife in the United States in the late nineteenth century?
Recorded music
Automotive transportation
Telephone communications
Electric wiring
Which building, completed in 1913, marked the beginning of the modern Manhattan skyline?
The Woolworth Building
The Home Insurance Building
The Empire State Building
The Tenement Building
The social geography of the suburbs in the late nineteenth century was in large part determined by which of the following factors?
Class structures
Ethnic makeup
Natural boundaries
Urban planning
What spurred the development of urban nightlife in the United States around the turn of the nineteenth century?
There were more amusement parks, like Coney Island.
People were allowed to drink in public.
Women in more comfortable outfits were able to dance.
Electricity lit up shop fronts, theaters, and main streets.
At the turn of the twentieth century, 90 percent of African Americans still lived in what region?
The South
The North
The Great Plains
The Southwest
San Francisco produce merchant Amadeo Peter Giannini opened up the Banca d'Italia in 1906, which eventually became which institution?
Wells Fargo
Bank of America
Washington Mutual
Chase Manhattan
Why did most black men and women who migrated to the large cities of the North between 1880 and 1917 end up working in the service sector?
They lacked the skills for factory work.
They were routinely rejected from other jobs.
They lacked the education for office jobs.
Black migrants had particular talents in service industries.
Immigrants to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries occupied cheap housing near what institution?
Churches
Schools
Aid societies
Workplaces
In what type of buildings did New York City's poor immigrants generally make their homes?
Skyscrapers
Subdivided houses
Tenements
Single-family houses
What was the relationship of Italian immigrants' mutual aid societies and Chinese Americans' tongs?
They were essentially the same.
They were used to compete for jobs.
They were the precursors of home language newspapers.
Both developed into ethnic banks.
Which statement describes living conditions in New York City's Eleventh Ward at the turn of the nineteenth century?
The tenement buildings offered protection against disease.
The dense neighborhoods offered neighborly safety and low crime rates.
Despite its density, this neighborhood was still less crowded than any European city.
Crowding was a serious problem in tenements.
Which of the following statements assesses the impact of New York's Tenement House Law of 1901 on the 44,000 tenements that existed at the time?
The law succeeded because of the cooperation of private interests.
It failed to change older structures because reform was not profitable.
The law never passed due to opposition from tenement landlords.
It spurred gentrification and pushed the poor out of the city.
Which ethnic group was the largest in Boston in the late nineteenth century?
French
Italians
Chinese
Irish
A mob of whites attacked the black community in 1906 in which city?
San Francisco
Atlanta
New York
Milwaukee
This 1906 cover illustration from a Paris newsmagazine depicts the Atlanta race riot of 1906. What does this image suggest about the extent to which the publication's readers shared urban white Americans' racial attitudes at the time?
The image reveals that Parisians shared white Americans' views about black inferiority.
The caricatures included in the image suggest that Parisians shared white Americans' fears of blacks' innate criminality.
The image shows that Parisians condemned whites' and blacks' racialized views of one another.
The brutal depiction of whites massacring blacks reveals Parisians' abhorrence of white Americans' racism.
This 1879 floor plan depicting the aerial view of a typical New York City tenement supports which conclusion?
New York immigrants' housing in the 1880s was modern, spacious, and airy.
New York immigrants' housing in the 1880s was cramped, dark, and stuffy.
Privacy mattered very little to most immigrants living in New York at this time.
Immigrant families were small due to the limited space of their dwellings.
Why did audiences enjoy the vaudeville, an urban entertainment that emerged in the 1880s and 1890s?
Performances by well-known figures from immigrants' home countries
The variety of entertainment types
As a vehicle for assimilation into American culture
For drawing on traditional European cultural forms
Why did music publishing agents spend so much time in urban beer gardens and dance halls in the United States after the 1890s?
To look for talented musicians in the crowds
To promote their records with free drinks on the house
To have their musicians test their songs on the audiences there
To sell records outside these establishments
What accounted for the popularity of ragtime music in the United States in the 1890s?
Its big band ensembles
Its use of electric guitar
Its large chorus arrangements
Its decisive break with Victorian music
Where in the United States did the blues music popular in the 1910s originate?
Chicago
Harlem
Atlanta
Mississippi
Why were women more vulnerable than men in the new system of dating that emerged in American cities around the turn of the nineteenth century?
They were emotional and less suited for casual relationships.
They were more likely to suffer violent abuse.
They earned less than men, making them vulnerable to gifts in exchange for sex.
They were judged by their appearance more than men.
Which subculture emerged in American cities in the late nineteenth century and offered a dramatic challenge to Victorian ideals?
The tattoo community
The jazz community
The gay community
The vegan community
Which of the following helped found symphony orchestras and opera companies in late-nineteenth-century American cities?
Elites
The middle class
City governments
Immigrant mutual aid societies
Why were audiences at the Metropolitan Opera in New York shocked by an opera presented there in 1907?
The orchestra played Richard Wagner, who was notorious and disliked for his anti-Semitism.
The orchestra played Richard Strauss, whose compositions were unconventional
The Met had hired an African American chief conductor.
The Metropolitan performed the sexually scandalous opera Salome.
What was America's best-known amusement park around 1900?
Coney Island
Willow Grove Park
Tin Pan Alley
The World's Fair
Which institution was the first major art museum in the United States?
The De Young
The Corcoran Gallery of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Art Institute of Chicago
What entrepreneur donated money that was used to found more than a thousand libraries across the United States?
John D. Rockefeller
Jay Cooke
Thomas Edison
Andrew Carnegie
Joseph Pulitzer worked in which industry in the late nineteenth century?
Oil
Steel
Newspaper
Mining
What was the main feature of the "yellow journalism" of Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, and other newspaper publishers of the late nineteenth century?
Sensational stories
Reforming zeal
Comic strips
Objective reporting
Who were the "muckrakers" of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century?
Urban sanitation workers
Journalists who promoted reform
Vaudeville performers
Labor union organizers
The muckraker Ida Tarbell exposed which industrialist in McClure's magazine around the turn of the nineteenth century?
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
Upton Sinclair
Joseph Pulitzer
This photograph shows a group of newsboys standing outside of an urban diner hawking their papers. Why might the Progressive reformer Lewis Hine have created this image?
To indicate that newspaper work provided important business training for middle-class boys
To demonstrate that newsboys worked in a wholesome outdoor environment
To document the harsh lives of child laborers
To demonstrate that child workers made vital contributions to their working-class families
To what does the term "private city" refer in historians' discussions of urban life in the United States in the late nineteenth century?
Red light districts that were common in most urban areas
Factory towns established by industrialists during this time
Urban areas shaped by individuals and profit-seeking businesses
The family and domestic lives of the residents of American cities
What did the New York Tammany ward boss George Washington Plunkitt mean by "honest graft"?
Paying taxes on bribe money received
Bribing politicians for good purposes
Accepting bribes but later confessing about them
Profiting from insider status
What were the political machines that played such a vital role in late-nineteenth-century American cities?
Machines that counted the large numbers of votes cast by urban residents
Local party bureaucracies that controlled elected and appointed offices
Groups of reformers who challenged corrupt urban political practices
Private contractors who donated their services to cities in exchange for power
How did the city of Chicago address its sewage problem around the turn of the century?
It built enormous water treatment facilities.
It stopped the release of sewage into Lake Michigan.
It reversed the course of the Chicago River.
It launched a massive public information campaign.
Which of the following bore primary responsibility for developing the infrastructure of late-nineteenth-century American cities?
Public finances
Municipal governments
State governments
Private enterprise
What impact did city politics have on immigrant communities in the United States in the late nineteenth century?
Isolated them from mainstream culture
Rendered them powerless
Integrated them into urban society
Shunted them to the suburbs
In what way was the power of city governments limited?
They were small.
They were subject to state law.
They faced strict federal regulations.
Union rules for city workers constrained them.
The dominance of private development in U.S. cities and the preference for business solutions to city needs are expressed in what concept?
The "public city"
The "private city"
The "machine city"
The "planned city"
What was the ultimate basis for the cohesion of urban political machines?
Party loyalty
Support of the business community
The ethnicity of its constituents
Municipal corruption
Which city suffered a terrible fire in 1871?
Boston
Chicago
San Francisco
Philadelphia
What political boss made Tammany Hall a byword for corruption in the late nineteenth century?
William Jennings Bryan
William Dean Howells
George Washington Plunkitt
William Marcy Tweed
During the depression of the 1890s, what percentage of working-class Americans was unemployed?
Up to 25 percent
About 40 percent
Around 10 percent
About 5 percent
What city was struck by a violent hurricane in 1900, leading to a major reform of its city government structure?
San Francisco, California
Chicago, Illinois
Miami, Florida
Galveston, Texas
What form of government did the leaders of the National Municipal League advise cities in the United States to institute in the early twentieth century?
Political machines
A commission system
A city manager system
Progressivism
What prompted urban reform movements in the 1890s?
Widespread suffering from the depression of that decade
Disgust with machine corruption
Better civic education given to immigrants
City governments bankrupted by corruption
How did reform-minded businessman Tom Johnson recapture the political support of Cleveland's working class in the early twentieth century?
He joined the city's largest political machine.
He advocated tax cuts for the people of the city.
He joined the city's Central Labor Union.
He advocated public ownership of city utilities.
How did the citizens of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, try to bring innovative reforms to their city around the turn of the nineteenth century?
By electing Socialists to city government
By hiring a city manager
By banning political machines
By instituting a progressive tax code
What innovation did Detroit mayor Hazen Pingree offer to address the problems of the depression of the 1890s?
Public relief payments
Adopting the city manager form of government
Giving city land for urban gardens
Hiring the unemployed
To which political party did the American reform mayors of the early twentieth century belong?
No particular party
The Republican Party
The Democratic Party
The People's Party
What was the purpose of the phenomenon that took shape in the United States in the late nineteenth century and came to be known as progressivism?
To destroy the political influence of radicals and working-class movements
To create new forms of art, music, dance, and American literature
The amelioration of conditions on the ships that brought immigrants to the United States
To combat the problems caused by industrialization and urbanization in the United States
Working separately in the 1880s and 1890s, researcher Helen Campbell and photographer Jacob Riis both sought to call attention to what problem?
Unsanitary practices in meatpacking plants
Miserable conditions in urban tenement housing
Contaminated food and drug products
Child prostitution in New York City
In the late nineteenth century, many cities cut death rates from typhoid, yellow fever, and cholera by instituting what?
Publicly funded vaccination programs
Municipal hand-washing campaigns
Local pure food and drug laws
New sewage and drainage systems
In the early 1900s, a baby born to a Slavic woman in an American city had what chance of dying in infancy?
One in 25
One in 10
One in 5
One in 3
Congress passed the Mann Act in 1910 to achieve what purpose?
Criminalize landlords' failure to maintain their properties
Prohibit the transportation of prostitutes across state lines
Make the production and sale of alcoholic beverages illegal
Institute a federal income tax system
By 1900, city reformers worked on altering urban landscapes as part of a movement given what name?
"City Beautiful"
"Modern Cities"
"Denser Cities"
"Utilitarian Cities"
How did the early-twentieth-century campaign against prostitution affect prostitutes in many Americans cities at the time?
New laws made it easier for prostitutes to find more respectable work.
New obstacles to interstate transport limited most prostitutes' mobility.
By closing brothels, new laws worsened many prostitutes' lives.
It dramatically reduced the number of men seeking prostitutes' services in cities.
Why was the reform effort aimed at wiping out urban prostitution in the early twentieth century shortsighted?
It ignored the multiple factors that led women to prostitution.
It focused on punishing clients rather than helping the prostitutes.
It could not close brothels because they were supported by corrupt city officials.
It did nothing to address male prostitution.
Which statement assesses the early-twentieth-century crusade against prostitution in the United States?
It succeeded at rooting out the vice until it emerged again during the Great Depression.
The antiprostitution campaign was undermined by the silence of the federal government on the issue.
While the crusade did not eliminate prostitution, it improved the living conditions of women in the trade.
The crusade pushed prostitution out of brothels and into the street.
Who founded Hull House in 1889 in Chicago as part of the settlement movement?
Leona Prall Groetzinger
Ida Tarbell
Lillian Wald
Jane Addams
After running their Chicago settlement house for a few years, what did Jane Addams and her colleagues believe the working-class people they served needed?
The resources and political voice to improve their lives
Information about how to live in a safer, healthier, more responsible way
A stronger sense of "civic enterprise and moral conviction"
Art classes and other cultural programs to expand their minds
Why was Margaret Sanger indicted for publishing her newspaper column "What Every Girl Should Know" in the 1910s?
The column discussed white slavery and prostitution openly.
It suggested that New York's homosexual community was not immoral.
Sanger argued that native-born women should consider marrying immigrant men.
Her frank discussion of birth control violated obscenity laws.
The settlement houses that emerged in early-twentieth-century cities pioneered what new occupational field?
Midwifery
Social work
Early childhood education
Political bureaucrat
What new institution arose as a result of the work with children of Julia Lathrop, one of the workers at Chicago's Hull House?
The juvenile justice system
Preschool
Child labor laws
Pediatric practice
Which institution of progressivism offered a laboratory to experiment with solving social problems?
Muckraking journalism
Political machines
The settlement movement
Public schools
Why did journalist Upton Sinclair write his 1904 novel The Jungle?
To draw attention to the risks of eating meat
To expose labor exploitation in Chicago's meatpacking plants
To force the federal government to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act
To uncover corruption in Chicago's City Hall
Which statement assesses the consequences of the Triangle fire in New York City in 1911?
The workplace disaster led to the creation of a federal factory commission.
The fire showed that only stronger laws could alleviate sweatshop conditions.
The fire prompted dramatic reforms in the organization of fire departments.
The fire further deepened corruption at Tammany Hall.
A week after the Triangle fire, the Rabbi Stephen S. Wise made this statement at a memorial service for the victims: "This was not an inevitable disaster which man could neither foresee nor control. We might have foreseen it, and some of us did; we might have controlled it, but we chose not to do so. . . . It is not a question of enforcement of law nor of inadequacy of law. We have the wrong kind of laws and the wrong kind of enforcement. Before insisting upon inspection and enforcement, let us lift up the industrial standards so as to make conditions worth inspecting, and, if inspected, certain to afford security to workers."
What did New York State do in response to the public outrage expressed here over the Triangle fire tragedy?
Nothing
Appointed a factory commission that developed labor reform
Eliminated sweatshops
Developed new labor codes, but was unable to gain passage because Tammany Hall blocked passage
Which act, passed by Congress in 1906, created an administration to regulate food and medical products?
The Pure Food and Drug Act
The Mann Act
The Lacey Act
The Hatch Act
What was the Triangle factory fire?
A fire in a steel plant as a result of labor union agitation
The factory fire that resulted in the widespread destruction of Chicago
A sweatshop fire that resulted in the deaths of nearly 150 people
A disaster that exposed the poor quality of the Tammany Hall–run fire department
Why did New York State undertake serious workplace safety reforms after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911?
Because of the collapse of Tammany Hall
In response to public outrage
Because of pressure from Congress
Labor union pressure
What was significant about the formation of the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) in the early twentieth century?
Joining of white and African American women
Efforts to give immigrant women civics education
Bridging of class lines
The focus on woman's suffrage issues
What did Florence Kelley hope to achieve through her leadership of the National Consumers' League (NCL)?
Worker protection
Lower prices for consumers
Safer, healthier food
Urban government reform
Which Hull House volunteer became the first American woman to hold a U.S. cabinet post?
Jane Addams
Florence Kelley
Ellen Gates Starr
Frances Perkins
