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WorksheetsWH Semester 1 Review
Total questions: 88
Worksheet time: 44mins
Select the statement that best analyzes the critical role that the structure shown in the photo plays in Islam.
Muhammad destroyed the idols at the Kaaba and rededicated it to Allah, making it the holiest place in Islam.
Muhammad dedicated the Kaaba to his wife, Kadijah, who was the first to convert to Islam after hearing Muhamma's message
Muhammad received holy messages from an angel of God at this sacred site, making it the birthplace of Islam
Muhammad dedicated the Kaaba to his military victory at the site over Arab tribes who had opposed his religious messages
Which answer best categorizes the importance of the items listed in the chart?
commandments from each of the five books comprising the holy Quran
duties common to Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
the fundamental duties comprising the Pillars of Islam
the most important laws comprising Islamic Sharia
Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are influential world religions. Which of the following is a similarity all three religions share?
the same sacred text
Sunday as the main day of worship
belief that Church and State should be kept seperate
all trace their roots to Abraham
Following the death of Muhammad in 632, what problem did Muslims have to solve immediately?
how to develop new trade routes to provide more taxes and income
how to establish a royal family to rule the Islamic state from Mecca
how to choose a leader who would follow the teachings of Muhammad
how to locate prophets Muhammad to help expand the Islam
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Islam and the government?
the legal system and religion are kept seperate
Religious leaders elect the government's leaders
Government deicisions are based on Islamic laws and beliefs
Islamic rules of social justice are applied to create a strong economy
Which there are similarities between Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, there are also many differences. Which of the following is ONLY a Christian belief?
Jesus is considered an angel
Jesus is considered the Messiah
Jesus is considered the last prophet before Muhammed
Jesus is considered a historical figure, but not the Messiah
How did Justinian's Code have an impact beyond the Byzantine Empire?
It provided models for strong alliances between monarchs
It promoted trade among Europe, the Middle East, and Asia
It organized ancient Roman laws for use within the empire
It later guided the development of present-day international law
"From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grevious report. An accursed race . . . has violently invaded the land of the Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire." With these words, Pope Urban II called for the overthrow of . . .
the Hanseatic League along the Baltic Sea
tenant farmers in Western Europe
merchant guildes in European towns
Muslim Turks in the Holy Land
What was a major contribution of the Byzantine Empire?
adoption of the democratic ideas from Russia
spread of humanism and secularism across Europe
Reunifications of eastern and western Christendom
preservation of Green and Roman culture
The Russian adoption of Orthodox Christianity and of the Cyrillic alphabet demonstrates the
impact of Ibn Battuta's travels
role of the printing press during the Reformation
leadership of Peter the Great
influence of the Byzantine Empire
The most important reason Emperor Justinian might have commissioned the building of the Hagia Sophia was to
solidify his power and show his committment to Christianity
show the Islamic world the power and might of Christianity
Show the Germanic world that the Eastern Roman Empire was strong
to demonstrate love for his wife, Theodora
Which statement might be an accurate description of a serf's life?
a serf could be bought and sold, much like a slave
a serf could move to a different manor if he or she desired
a serf was bound to the land upon which he or she worked
a serf who did well might be award a manor to rule
Complete the sentence with the best answer. "In 1040 the Church forbade the barons to make any attack on each other between sunset on Wednesday and sunrise on the following Monday, or upon any exxlesiastical fast or feast day . . on pain of excommunication." This except illustrates the . . .
frequency of warfare in medieval Europe
importance of the Christian calendar
power of the Church in medieval Europe
influence of the Benedictine Rule
At the event depicted here, King John committed himself to the idea that
clergymen could only be tried by the Church
the rights of nobles were granted by the Church
monarchs were obliged to obey the law
monarchs were obliged to obey the nobles
How would you BEST describe the factors contributing to the development of the political and social system of feudalism?
Vandals, Goths, and Saxons arriving in Europe caused great economic growth
Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe at a time of political weakness
the powerful Roman army continued to safeguard citizens fo the empire.
the population of cities declined so rapidly rulers could not maintain order
How did the Hundred Year' War affect the medieval structure of feudalism, in which vassals owed military service to the king?
the vassal system became more important in winning battles and holding conquered territory for the king.
the need for larger, standing armies with greater mobility made the vassal system obsolete
the introduction of the longbow and cannon made the vassal system more efficient
the vassals became commanders of mercenary armies paid by the king to fight.
What was the impact on Europe of the disease described below? "We see death coming into our midst like black smoke, a plague which cuts off the young, a rootless phantom which has no mercy or fair countenance. Woe is me . . . it is an ugly eruoption that comes with unseemly haste. It is agrievous ornament that breaks out in a rash. The early ornaments of black death." -Jevan Gethin
Although the overall population of Europe was largely unaffected, production declined, and the cost of labor soared
one-third of the population of Europe died, production declined, and the cost of labor soared
one out of every hundred people died, production declined, and the cost of labor plummeted
one-third of the population died, but the production and the cost of labor remained steady
How does this illustration of a manor illustrate that the manor was at the heart of the feudal economy?
It shows that the manor produced many goods to sell to surrounding communities
it shows that the manor produced food and had a thriving timber industry
it shows that the manor was a self-sufficient community that could grown its own food and attend to its religious needs
it shows that the manor could produce food in two different seasons
Which of these remained true following the Great Schism?
western Christians accepted the authority of the patriarch of Constantinople
Both Eastern and Western Christians accepted the authority of the pope in Rome
both eastern and western Christians accepted the authority of the patriarch of Constantinople
western Christians accepted the authority of the pope in Rome.
The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights led the English government to develop a poltical system in which . .
rulers were responsible to the people
religious authorities controlled the lawmaking process
the power of the monarch came from God
the individual was denied a trial by jury
What happened in France as a result of the Hundred Years' War?
Noblemen strengthened their control over their traditional family lands
the French kings moved to strengthen the monarchy
wealthy French merchants had more of a say in government
the Church extended its influence over France
Why did the shogun hold all the real power in the 1400s?
The Emperor was not desceneded from other emperors
he controlled all the land in Japan
the samurai were unorganized and disloyal
military strength was the only real power at the time
Which did geography most affect early Japan?
Much of Japan was too mountainous to farm, so people settled in river valleys and along the coast
Frequent tsunamis forced the early Japanese to stay away from the sea
a cold climate made farming difficult, so most early Japanese turned to fishing for food
proximity to China meant that Chinese invaders frequently conquered parts of Japan
"When Genji beheld this beautiful scene from his carriage, he at once rememered it was a place he had seen before. He stopped his carriage, and said to Koremitz, who was with him as usual . . ." - Murasaki Shibuku, Tale of Genji Which statement is true of the work from which this excerpt has been taken?
It describes the wealth and splendor of China
it describes how Buddhism frew to be a powerful force in Korea
It was the world's first full-length novel
it discusses matrilineal descent in Southeast Asia
Which area served as a cultural bridge between early China and Japan?
Russia
Persia
Korea
India
What did Zen Buddhism contribute to Japanese culture?
a focus on self-reliance, meditation, and devotion to duty
a focus on increasing military power
a decrease in the development of art and drama
a dependence on the customs and traditions of China
In feudal Japan, what group was like a "lord" in Europe?
Shogun
Peasant Farmers
Daimyo
Emperor
What was one effect on the expansion of Islam between 632 and 750?
Armed conquest was forbidden by the caliphs
cultural and commercial connections were established over a sizable region
a majority of the western European population converted
a single centralized authority governed an area from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River
Which statement describes the Muslim office of caliph?
It was a business and trade position for economic leaders
It was a political and religious position for minority groups
it was a political and religious position for government leaders
it was an academic and scientific position for educational leaders
What led to the Sunni-Shi'a split?
a disagreement about the destination for pilgrimages
a disagreement about creating a center for Islam in Baghdad
a disagreement about who should succeed the Prophet Mohammed
a disagreement about the method for taking new converts into the Islamic faith
Some of the characteristics of Muslim art include
the use of calligraphy, geometric shapes, and an arabesque style
the depiction of Muhammad and Mecca to illustrate religious buildings and the Quran
the use of oil paintings and mosaics to show Muslimes in their daily life
the blending of classical and Gothic styles of architecture in mosques
Beginning in the ninth century, Islamic scholars began to study the Greek geometrical work of Euclid and the numeration concepts of India. Their analysis and expansion of these works led them to create and name which vital area of mathematics?
algebra
trigonometry
calculus
topology
The Prophet Mohammad taught that the "dhimmi", or People of the Book, should be treated with tolerance and respect by Muslims. Dhimmi were given religious autonomy and had to pay only a small tax to the caliphate. Who are the dhimmi that the Prophet accorded this special status?
believers in the Qur'an
believers in Judaism and Christianity
all literate landowning men
polytheists who converted to Islam
The commodities gold and salt were important to many regions of West Africa because they
helped create great wealth and vast trade networks that spread new ideas
were both vital to health and very rare in the region, which made them valuable
were abundant in the region, allowing it to develop self-sufficiently and become wealthy
increased trade, bringing in great wealth and spreading new ideas such as Christianity, which became the official religion
How was Sonni Ali able to turn Songhai into such a wealthy kingdom?
he converted to Islam, strengthening commerce between Songhai and other kingdoms
he forged military alliances with other nations, beinging more wealth to Songhai
he expanded the expolitation of Songhai's natural resources, allowing Songhai to prosper
He brought trade routes under Songhai's control, allowing the kingdom to flourish
Which statement, described in the passage, describes a major effect that increased Indian Ocean trade had on the East African city states? "By the 600s, sailors had learned that the annual monsoon winds could carry sailing ships plying the waters of the Indian Ocean between India and Africa. On the East African coast, rulers took advantages of the opportunities for trade that these winds of the Indian Ocean provided. They welcomed ships from Arabia, Persia, and China. From India, Southeast Asia, and China came cotton cloth, silk, spices, porcelain, glassware and swords."
the region became a sphere of influence for rising Christian powers
the region became a center for multiculturalism and cultural diffusion
the region became dominated by the cultural influences of Islam
the region became more war-like as competitive foreign powers vied for control
In this 1325 world map, Mali ruler Mansa Musa is offering gold to a trader. What does this image say about Mansa Musa and the Mali empire?
Mansa Musa was an arrogant leader who likely oppressed his subjects by exploiting them to generate wealth for the Kingdom of Mali
Mansa Musa is a good military ruler and impresses upon other cultures how wealthy and prosperous his kingdom was and tries to extend his military power
Mansa Musa was a simple, humble leader who kingdom was isolated from trade and foreign ideas because he rejected material goods
Mansa Musa was a successful ruler and the Kingdom of Mali was rich in both wealth and culture
What caused the West African kingdom of Ghana to grow powerful, wealthy, and to incorporate Islamic values and ideas in its society and government?
the enlightened and wise rule of Mansa Musa
commerce and Islam spread by Arab invaders
influence of the neighboring Songhai
control of the gold-salt trade routes
Which group of people is represented by this migration pattern?
Phoenicians
Hebrews
Persians
Bantu
Explain the point of view of this old African proverb: "salt comes from the north, gold from the south . . but the treasures of wisdom are to be found only in Timbuktu."
the author was saying that the only place to find wisdom is in Timbuktu
the author was saying that salt and wisdom are more valuable than gold
the author was explaining how Tumbuktu, as a center of learning, was just as important as other precious commodities
the author was explaining that Gold is more valuable than salt or wisdom
The Great Enclosure, a portion of which is shown here, is one of the two major ruins of Great Zimbabwe. Why would the ruler of Great Zimbabwe build such a tremendous structure?
to keep merchants from trading outside of the city
to keep grazing animals fenced in and prevent theft
as a way for the ruler to show off his power and the kingdom's wealth
to provide jobs for the poor citizens of Great Zimbabwe
Which Renaissance artistic techniques are featured in this painting by Leonardo da Vinci?
stylized lighting and flat human forms
perspective and realism
harmony and naturalism
cubism and expressionism
What aspect of this painting by Northern European artist Pieter Bruegel differs from the work of Italian Renaissance painters?
it stresses the Protestant work ethic
it focuses on the realities of peasant life
it features anatomical expressionism
it lacks depth and perspective
What was the political impact of Machiavelli's book, "The Prince"?
it gave courtiers political and social ideals to follow
it made people reconsider views of government and political power
it encouraged citizens in Italy to oppose corruption and oppression
It led to the formation of a new government in Italy
What event revolutionized the way people accessed and consumed ideas and information during the Renaissance?
Raphael's engraving technology led to mass produced art
Gutenberg invented a printing press with movable type
Erasmus called for the Bible to be printing in the vernacular
Shakespeare popularized literature by re-energizing the theater
How does Shakespeare's play, "Julius Caesar", reflect central literary themes common throughout the Renaissance?
It honors the scholarly achievements and cultural glory of a utopian society
It advocates for political and religious reform through the use of realism
It explores universal human themes and portrays classical figures and subjects
It analyzes the politics of achieving political power in empires
Petrarch's work was an example of typical Renaissance characteristics because he
Studied poets and playwrights
valued education and classical learning
assembled manuscripts for churches
revived an interest in medieval scholarship
During Lorenzo's rule of Florence, in which years did he probably have more money to spend on the arts?
1434-1469
1469-1481
1421-1429
1397-1434
In School of Athens, Italian painter Rephael imagines a gathering of great thinkers and scientists. Why did he include Renaissance artists in the scene?
Renaissance artists were self-absorbed and couldn't resist putting themselves in paintings as a way to make themselves more famous
Renaissance artists considered their ideas equal with contributions by great thinkers and scientists. They recognized that their own time period was special and revolutionary
Renaissance artists did not see their time period as special or revolutionary, so they continued to focus on the classical works
Renaissance artists lacked the self-confidence to consider their own artistic creations as valuable, so they looked up to older thinkers, painters, and writers
What central idea that Erasmus strived to achieve is implicit in this quotation? "Only a very few can be learned, but all can be Christian, all can be devout, and --I shall boldly add --- all can be theologians." -- Erasmus
to form a Protestant Church that is free from corrupt dictates of papal rule
to form theocratic societies based on a simpler version of Christianity
to promote the benefits of the printing revolution
to make religion more accessible by translating the Bibel into the vernacular
Leonardo da Vinci is often referred to as a true "Renaissance Man." Why has he comes to symbolize the spirit of the era?
his interests and body of work spanned many subjects, media, and disciplines, reflecting the quest for knowledge and the spirit of creative adventure that embodied the Renaissance era.
he excelled at everything he did, bringing him in line with the heroic intellectual stature of the ancient Greek gods who helped inspire the Renaissance
his scientific works showed a level of genius that was confirmed by his prediction of technologies that would not exist for centuries
his paintings, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are superlative examples of expressionism and perspective, and are the most famous of the era
Martin Luther helped shape the Protestant Reformation by
successfully challenging abuses of the Catholic Church
setting up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
encouraging and supporting the Peasants' Revolt
working with Anabaptists to form a united Protestant front against the Catholic Church
Which situation was a direct result of the Protestant Reformation in western Europe?
The Pope was removed as leader of the Catholic Church
The religions of the people of Europe became more diverse
Women assumed leadership in most Christian denominations
European rulers establisehd religious freedom for their subjects.
Which word or phrase belongs under ONLY the John Calvin portion of the diagram?
Protestantism
rejection of papal authority
Diet of Worms
predestination
What prompted Martin Luther to take the actions described in the quotation? "I have cast the die . . . I will not reconcile myself to them [the Roman Catholic Church] for all eternity . . . Let them condemn and burn all that belongs to me; in return I will do as much for them . . . Now I no longer fear and I am publishing a book in the German tonegue about Christian reform, directed against the pope, in langauge as violent as if I were addressing the Antichrist." --Martin Luther, 1520.
the excommunication of Luther by Pope Leo X
Luther's rejection of papal authority and his refusal to recant
the distribution of the provocative "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
the spread of the printed bible in the vernacular
According to the chart above, the head of the Lutheran Church is an elected council. Why is this an important difference from the organization of the Catholic Church?
it means that members of the church derived their own authority from God and the Bible rather than from the pope.
it means that being elected comes from faith and good works, not from popularity
it shows that God alone chooses who is in charge of the Church
It shows the Catholic Church taht Lutherans value the opinion of clergy above everything.
The scientific theories developed by Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton resulted in
challenges to the traditional teaching of the Catholic Church
support for the Earth-centered theory of the universe
confirmation of Darwin's theory of evolution
renewed interest in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Read the passage from Copernicus to answer the question. "Diligent reader, in this work, which has just been created and published, you have the motions of the fixed stars and planets, as these motions have been reconstituted [reconstructed] on the basis of ancient as well as recent observations, and have moreover been embellished by new and marvelous hypotheses. You also have most convenient tables, from which you will be able to compute those motions with the utmost ease for any time whatever. Therefore buy, read, and enjoy [this work]" "Let no one untrained in geometry enter here." -- Nicholas Copernicus of Torun, Six Books on the Revolutions' of the Heavenly Spheres.
excluding the teachings of ancient societies
combining old and new observations
questioning the principles of the scientific method
denying the importance of geometry
Which thinker is credited with establishing the basic principles of physics, including natural laws that govern gravity and motion?
Robert Boyle
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Isaac Newton
What radical new perspective did Copernicus' drawing of the universe reveal?
a geocentric perspective
a heliocentric perspective
a hypothetical perspective
a lunar perspective
In 1572, this scientist found a new start, Cassiopeia. His discovery proved that the universe was active, not fixed or static
Tyco Brahe
Robert Boyle
Galileo
Isaac newton
Why was the work of Andreas Vesalius so important to medicine
his development of a more powerful microscope allowed scientists to see microorganisms for the first time
his studies of the human circulatory system correctly identified the heart as a pump that push blood through the human body
his work with ointments to prevent infection led the way for later discoveries in disease prevention
his book accurately describing human anatomy helped other medical scientists' research and discoveries
What characteristic was shared by all the important scientists of the Scientific Revolution?
the belief that the ancient philosophers were correct in their original observations of the laws of nature
the belief that traditional methods of inquiry and discovery were correct, but needed greater accuracy
the importance of challenging authority at all times int he pursuit of truth
truth is only achievable through a process of inquiry and observation
Which situation was an immediate cause for the collapse of the Aztec civilization?
disruption of overseas trade networks
conquest by foreigners
a series of crop failures
a lack of military training
One way in which the Aztec and Inca civilizations are similar is that they both
defeated the Spanish conquistadors
developed advanced architectural techniques
lacked strong central governments
settled primarily in river valleys
Which title best completes the partial outline below? "Sugar, tobacco, and cotton to Europe." "Textiles, rum, and manufactured goods to Africa." "Enslaved Africans to the Americas"
Trade Within the Hanseatic League
Elements of Triangular Trade
Factors of Industrialization
Results fo the Congress of Vienna
Which phrase best completes this graphic organizer?
Building thousands of miles of roads
Maintenance of a large naval fleet
Establishment of a national library filled with hundreds of books
Reliance on camel caravans
Which of the following conclusions about the slave trade is most valid based on the historical record?
It affected millions of Africans
It prevented Brazil from becoming a prosperous country
It caused Europeans to establish colonies in the Americas
It caused Africans to unite and support the abolition of slavery
Based on the information shown on this map, most manufactured goods were produced in
the West Indies
English colonies
Europe
Africa
Use the map to answer the following question: What can be inferred about the slave trade in Africa?
The Europeans had more footholds on coastal Africa than the inland areas
most of the slave trade took place in the interious of Africa rather than near the coast
Rwanda and Burundi were two of the most important slave trade centers
The Oyo empire did not allow for slave trade.
What was one main reason why slave trading greatly expanded beginning around the 1500s?
Africans gave up trying to resist capture by European slave traders
Europeans started depending on slaves for free labor in the new colonies
Caribbean and South America
Arab merchants expanded the slave trade into South and East Asia
Which geographic feature had the greatest influence on the pre-Columbian development of the Inca Empire?
Yucatan Peninsula
Caribbean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Andes Mountains
Use the chart above to answer the following question: According to the chart, where did most African slaves end up as a result of the Triangular Trade Route?
North America
Europeans started depending on slaves for free labor in the new colonies
Caribbean and South America
Back in Africa
How did Balboa's discovery affect European exploration?
It allowed explorers to form alliances with Native American groups in the Caribbean
It encouraged explorers to seek a direct sea route to the Pacific and the East Indies
It discouraged explorers from searching for a northwest passage to the East Indies
It challenged explorers to find a shorter route past the Cape of Good Hope to India
Which phrase best completes the chart showing causes of European exploration? Desire to spread Christianity, the drive to explore, to compete with other European countries, ____?"
government oppression at home
desire for direct access to the valuable Asian spice trade
desire to improve their standard of living
search for a better climate
Who led the expedition referenced in the text? "On September 8, 1522, nearly three years after setting out, the survivors - one ship and 18 sailors - reached Spain. The survivors had been the first people to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world. Antionio Pigafetta, one of the few survivors of the expedition, observed: "I believe of a certainty that no one will ever again make such a voyage."
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Osei Tutu
Prince Henry
How does this image BEST show a result of the Columbian Exchange?
It shows Native Americans stricken by diseases brought to the Americas by Europeans
It shows Native Americans preparing for a voyage to Europe
It shows horses brought to the Americas from Europe being adapted by Native Americans
It shows weapons brought to the Americas from Europe being adapted by Native Americans
Read the text that follows and then answer the question below: "For nearly 2, 000 years, the Silk Road stretched across Asia and Europe. It was actually a network of land and some sea routes that allowed people from very different regions to exchange ideas, beliefs, and goods. By the end of the 15th century, European explorers began searching for alternate routes to places such as China, India, and Japan. Their search led them on voyages of discovery across the mysterious Atlantic Ocean. One of the main reasons for making these voyages was the strong desire to find out what was on the far side of that ocean. Which statement summarizes another motivation for voyages of exploration?
overland routes were controlled by the Turkish Empire and were becoming to costly for Europeans wishing to buy and sell goods from Asia
Navigational instruments such as the compass and the quadrant made transatlantic voyages much easier and less risky
Europe's growing population pushed the demand for natural resources like lumber and fertile land
Years of conflict among European nations were causing people to look for more peaceful societies.
Years of conflict among European nations were causing people to look for more peaceful societies.
Natural laws were used to explain human affairs
Economic growth was slowed by the lack of useable technology
scientific truths were used to justify absolute monarchies
the emphasis on religious doctrine led to the rejection of scientific ideas
With which statement would Enlightenment thinker John Locke have agreed?
An enlightened absolute monarchy is the best way to ensure an orderly society
The Glorious Revolution violated the rights of the English people
People have the right to overthrow a government that violates their rights
Monarchy is necessary because people are naturally cruel and selfish
Which statement about Louis XIV is an opinion rather than a fact?
He insisted that Huguenots convert to Catholicism
He strengthened the monarchy by centralizing the government
the wars he engaged in were the least successful in the history of France
The palace he built at Versailles was part of his plan for controlling the nobles
Which statement would Louis XIV, Philip II, and Peter the Great most likely support?
"The king is entitled to unquestioning obedience."
"Parliament should represent the best interests of the people."
"Parliament should allow all the people who own land to vote."
"Government should be administered by people of all beliefs."
In order to protect liberty, Montesquieu proposed that
people entrust their rights to a strong monarch
governments be divided into separate branches
property be distributed equally among all people
the press should have complete freedom
What is the main feature of a constitutional government?
its power is defined and limited by law
its people are represented in a parliament
its power is split between a monarch and a parliament
it is not ruled by a monarch
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. . ." - the U.S. Declaration of Independence Which Enlightenment thinker MOST directly influenced the notion expressed in this passage?
Thomas Hobbes
Jacques Bossuet
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
In which of the following ways did the philosophy of John Locke inspire the founders of the United States?
The founders agreed that a ruler should not have power over them without their consent and that the people had the right to remove the ruler from power if their rights were infringed upon
The founders agreed that their government should be based on the needs of the state, rather than the needs of the people
The founders took Locke's idea of a limited government, in which the absolute monarch kept order within the country
The founders agreed that the government's power should be separated into three different branches and a system of checks and balances needed to be in place in order to keep each branch in-line.
The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights led the English government to develop a political system in which
rulers were responsible to the people
religious authorities controlled the lawmaking process
the power of the monarch came from God
the individual was denied a trial by jury
Rousseau wrote, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains." What kind of government did he favor in order to insure greater freedom?
an absolute monarchy
an enlightened monarchy
an oligarchy
a popularly elected government
